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Hard Times .

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Modern Crusade , Jihad , Kalachakra .


Andre Willers
23 Jun 2014 .
“Hard Times coming when the Priests agree.”
Synopsis:
Mobilise the Children of God with Crusades , Jihads , Kalachakra , Lamasaries , etc . The Wars don’t matter , the organizations and refuges do .
 
Discussion :
1.A brief discussion of a really miserable episode of human history :
Aryan displacement of Mohenjodaro cultures into Himalayas resulted in some major forced high-altitude adaptions in human genome and epigenetics . The tears were real and only adapted later on .
This became conflated into Hindu and Buddhist assigned prey narratives . Demons are Prey , and Demons are designated by your local priest . The usual Human lies . 
 
See
Tibetans later targeted Islam (especially Old-man-of-the-mountain) as prey and destroyed them using surrogate  Mongolian forces . Meme warfare . This is still going on below the surface .
This pissed everybody off , especially the Chinese , who nearly got exterminated as bystanders .
 
2. Hard times Coming .
The humans have overpopulated , and instead of using Ostrum Principles to have a soft landing , seems determined to increase the GINI .
 
3.Moral suasion :
Pope Francis has issued the strongest condemnation of organised crime groups by a pontiff in two decades, accusing them of practising "the adoration of evil" and saying that mafiosi were excommunicated.
It was the first time a pope had used the word excommunication – a total cutoff from the church – in direct reference to members of organised crime.
 
The same impulse is driving the Jihads , Kalakchra’s etc 
Encourage conflict ! This builds reserves .

Store reserves !
If  you have less than 38% you have no chance of surviving .

 
4. Refurbish the Monasteries .
You are already needing them .
 
5. Can Monasteries make up for cities ?
Surprisingly , yes .
Vertical  Farms .
Or Horizontal Artificial Farms . Like Almeria
Believe-it-or-not , this was where the “Dollar” Westerns were filmed . Desert at the time .
They built it up from the bedrock  , all 80 000 acres (200 square km)
Visible from orbit .

This was done from bedrock up . The same can be done in California .
5.1 Armed Forces :
A system like this does not simply lie down and die .
Worth at last $2 bn per year , it can easily afford a space program .
Lunar farms are distinctly viable .
 
For a Few Carrots more …
In this future , carrots are worth much more than dollars .



Middle East , Space , anywhere . This is essentially a workable self-contained habitat .
The Almeria Monastery will still be in business long after the hierarchical business models are literally dust-bowls .
Or they and their grandchildren  can choose to starve . Their option .

 
6. Can Humans do it ?
I doubt it .
They will simply tear themselves apart in meaningless , selfish wars with only death the victor .

Still , there is Almeria . It can be done . Can it be scaled up to save all , or do we have to use the fall-back of monasteries after 99% deaths ?
 
7. Between Ostrum Principles and heritage Organized Religion survival systems like monasteries , the run-up to the singularity might even be fairly uneventful .
 
8.Fat chance . As usual , it will be filled with death , needless suffering , old age , cancer , etc .

9.Human’s best hope is future generations , specifically grandchildren.
Yet they are destroying this hope . This is the Schwerpunkt .
Where morality intersects with self-interest or system’s interest .
 
10. This simply means that Jihads , Crusades , Kalachakra’s , Neo-Victorians , Neo-Monasterians , will increase as long as they involve redoubts .
 
11. Think of all those new cities built but abandoned as abortive monasteries-in-waiting .
Most of those old monasteries are empty or ruins .
Cancel that .
Many are being refurbished .
All over Europe , and the East , these old refuges are being refurbished .
Since they were originally designed to be self-supporting , but only via sacrifice of labour , they are still viable .
And there are many humans whose extended life-spans now include a stint in a monastery .
Not forever . A 1 year contract . This would work .
Hard work balanced against guilt .
 
12.Extended tourist .
Seen this , done that . Get away from it all .
A    1 or  2 or  3 , etc  year monastery tourist contract  is what you need.


 
13. How bad can things get ?
Pretty bad . See Appendix AAA .
Or present Nigeria , where nobody is very concerned about the abduction of the girls .
The memes are present in the society , without compensating memes for the helpless  .
And you wonder why God is turning away from you  ?
This is why you need monasteries .
Else , you will all go extinct .
With reason .
 
No excuses .
Andre

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Appendix AAA
How bad can things get ?

Friday, April 12, 2013
Social collapse to below Family Level

Societal collapse to below family level


Andre Willers
12 Apr 2013
Synopsis:
Surprisingly , this has happened so frequently in the past that social institutions like organised religions and child-military have evolved to ameliorate the effect .

Discussion :
1.Primary symptom : children (usually ages 3-7) are expelled from the family group to make their own way . Today’s street children .
Children ages 0-3 simply die .
See Appendix I
2.Secondary symptom : the children band together for self-protection , usually in age bands of 3-8 , 8-13 , 13+ . The bonds are fanatical . They are still human with language and mirror-neuron structures .
3.Tertiary symptom : if resource-deprivation pressures continues , the adults of groups descended from children like these have no empathy . Evolutionary sociopaths . See Appendix III and Appendix IV , where this has actually happened . The society has collapsed to below family level . Children are only born out of ignorance . A child only has an utility as a better predator than rats , mice and other pests .
Can these adults still be defined as human ? fMRI of mirror-neuron networks should be able to give a better answer .

4.Societal adaptations :
4.1 Organised religion : really bad collapses like these led to the formation of storehouses of knowledge and materiel (usually called monasteries ) and distributive organizations (missionaries , charities , etc)
4.2Military usage .
See Appendix II
Child auxiliaries have always been used .
Children can pull a trigger and follow orders fanatically .
So , Child Gangs , with their fanatical bonding and ability to use modern firearms have an economic utility greater than free labour .
This premium utility has been exploited not only in Africa , but mainly in urban settings , where most of the children had been abandoned .
Organised crime , especially drugs and extortion recruit heavily from these strata .

Children with firearms make good soldiers .
An Interesting recent example :
The Central African Republic .
An elite South African parabat unit (200 highly trained men) was dealt a smarting defeat by about 1 500 child soldiers .
The main point is that the child-soldiers kept on coming , even after suffering heavy losses (about 2/3 of their numbers) that would have routed adult units . This is WW I stuff .
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Johnston_(Medal_of_Honor) . An 11 year old kept steady when the adults ran away .
Now give him an AK47 instead of a drum  , and you have the above result .

5.Rehabilitation :
They will need strong group-bonds  and strict boundaries . Like any military unit or monastic unit .
They will do very well with Canine or Dolphin units. After all ,  dogs taught humans about the rules of pack behaviour .
Their children should be ok , but epigenetic effects might play a role . Historical experience suggests that after 3 generations , the effects disappear into the wash of general human cruelty and indifference .

6.An Interesting Aside : Dogs , dolphins and religion :
Dogs (like combs) are so ubiquitous that they hardly mentioned .
6.1 Monastic orders with dogs :
6.2 Dogs are generally regarded as guardians to Heaven or Hell . Symbolically , this indicates awareness that rules of doggish pack behaviour are applicable to human social packs .
6.3 Something similar can be observed with dolphins . See Appendix V

7.What happens if you don’t rehabilitate them ?
We have two graphic examples that did not go well or end well  : Mamelukes and Janisseries . There are many more .
Child slaves were intensively trained and indoctrinated .
Well , children grow up .
The state lost the monopoly on armed force .
Essentially , they took over the state , but never assimilated (This was cleverly designed in) . Eventually they had to be annihilated .
Something similar happened at the collapse of Bronze Age Civilization . See Appendix VI .


“Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, mamluks were purchased while still young and were raised in the barracks of the Citadel of Cairo. Because of their particular status (no social ties or political affiliations) and their austere military training, they were often trusted. Their training consisted of strict religious and military education to help them become “good Muslim horsemen and fighters."[
“From 1380s to 1648, the Janissaries were gathered through the devşirme system. This was the recruiting of non-Turkish children, notably Balkan Christians; Jews were never subject to devşirme, nor were children from Turkic families. In early days, all Christians were enrolled indiscriminately; later, those of Albanian, northern Greek, and Serb origin were preferred.[6][7]
The Janissaries were kapıkulları (sing. kapıkulu), "door servants" or "slaves of the Porte", neither free men nor ordinary slaves (Turkish:köle).[8] They were subject to strict discipline, but they were paid salaries and pensions on retirement, and were free to marry; those conscripted through devşirme formed a distinctive social class[9] which quickly became the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire, rivaling the Turkish aristocracy in one of the four royal institutions: the Palace, the Scribes, the Religious and the Military. The brightest of the Janissaries were sent to the Palace institution Enderun, where the possibility of a glittering career beckoned.
According to military historian Michael Antonucci, every five years the Turkish administrators would scour their regions for the strongest sons of the sultan's Christian subjects. These boys, usually between the ages of 10 and 12, were then taken from their parents and given to the Turkish families in the provinces to learn Turkish language and customs, and the rules of Islam; these boys were then enrolled in Janissary training. The recruit was immediately indoctrinated into the religion of Islam. He was supervised 24 hours a day and subjected to severe discipline: he was prohibited from growing a beard, taking up a skill other than war, or marrying. The Janissaries were extremely well disciplined (a rarity in the Middle Ages).”

8.What to do  ?
Well , good luck with that .
Most of the problem lies inside the really big cities . This is where society has already collapsed below family levels . Not in some third world wasteland .
9. The core of the problem lies in a surprising source : Robert’s Rules of Order for meetings .
See http://www.robertsrules.org/ for a summary of the rules .
The strength of a Democracy can be subverted by a small , organised group using the Rules . Especially the Chairman rule .
Once control of the Chairman and the Secretary is assured , the self-perpetuation of the cabal is ensured . The Secretary controls the official minutes , venue of meeting and who is notified . Any hostiles that manage to sneak through , simply is not recognised by the Chair .
This is how Stalin managed to take over the Russian Revolution . How the USA establishment works .
Three critical things have to be amended : try Wiki principles combined with Ostrum principles .
9.1 The Chair’s control on who is able to give input into the assembly .
9.2 The right to refer to a sub-committee .
9.3 The Secretary’s control over the minutes and meeting procedures .
You will notice that all three enables control of the democratic process . (Deny  a voice , bury it in committee , doctor the minutes or not notify somebody of a meeting) .
These are time-honoured techniques that result in hundreds of millions of child-soldiers infesting the cores of the cities .

10 Will anybody do anything ?
You must be joking .
Most likely , a Church Militant will evolve using these discarded husks of humanity to force a New Order .
But not a New Order as fondly imagined by the Bilderbergers .
More like something with Auschwitz as a Basic training camp .
The Ecstasy  of Apoptosis . This translates as Martyrdom . Pleasure at cellular level in self-sacrifice . This is programmed in at a deep level . Some very strong protocols to prevent external hijacking by opportunistic bacteria and viri .
Much more addictive than any opiate . After all , it can only happen once .

11.It has happened before . Many times .
12.Capsaicum and Death Cults .
Notice that cultures that eat a lot of capsaicums all have Death Cults . Without exception . Mexican (chili), Japanese (wasabi ,etc) , Hindu Kali(curry) , Hitler(peppers) and so forth . Why ?
http://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/29/1/165.full.pdf see it for mitochondrial spin rates .
Capsaicum induces apoptosis by interfering with the mitochondria spin rate . Speeding it up to destruction is apoptosis by cellular ecstasy . It hurts , but is pleasurable at cellular level .
Of course , you can make it always lethal . Look at the capsaicum molecule .
There is lots of space to tack on H2S groups . This will stop parts of mitochondria . Generate shear forces that rip mitochondria apart .
But in a cellular pleasurable way . The nervous system will perceive a mild burn .
Add an aerosol of melatonin to make the process irreversible (terminal anti-oxidant)

13. Why haven’t plants killed off animals ? They certainly have the capability , as seen above .
Remember PT Barnum . There is a sucker born every minute . And all animals are the suckers .

14. Estimate the size of planetary human population that Gaia will tolerate .
The answer is 16 billion .
The method is delicious , but very hot .
Every unit on the Scoville scale generates an apoptosis . Note that it is a naturally occurring substance (euphorbia for euphoria of apoptosis) , and as expected , there is no habituation in the apoptosis effect .
15. Old age , in other words .
The balance between euphorbia latex release , releasing resiniferatoxin and the gymnosperm density governs population control of humans , including old age . Seehttp://andreswhy.blogspot.com/2008/12/flower-dinosaur-and-puff.html
Look at the molecule . It is basically a molecular monkeywrench in three dimensions . The old capsaicum molecule rotated and twisted around about 2.5 times , with some gripper oxygen teeth on the inside . There are 4 . They grip the mitochondrium by the balls and regulate speed of spin . These can be selectively neutralised . Increasing lifespans by roughly factors of 2 , 3 , 4 , 4.5  .
“The Scoville scale may be extrapolated to express the pungency of substances that are even hotter than pure capsaicin. One such substance is resiniferatoxin, an alkaloid present in the sap of some species of euphorbia plants (spurges). Since it is 1000 times as hot as capsaicin, it would have a Scoville scale rating of 16 billion. 

17. This molecule (Resiniferatoxin) is actually a real life Andre’s Demon . A close relation of Maxwell’s Demon .
See Appendix VII . Evolved to spin up mitochondria . But the problem with mitochondria is that they generate too much energy .   
Just look at the molecular structure : the paddle side gets hammered by random molecular impacts . This gets transmitted to the half-moon structures , rotating them . The paddle side is asymmetrical , giving a net force . Quite nifty , actually .
Much more efficient than photosynthesis .

18. I wish I could tell you how to control the contraption . It works , but too well .
Melatonin is like shooting the horse to stop the cart . Too drastic a brake . The various epigenetic controls (eg methylazation) . I simply don’t know. The molecules seems a bit large , but it is 3-dimensional and they can squeeze out at the sides , enabling a brake on the system .
It seems ridiculous that we die of old age because we can’t figure out a reliable way of braking mitochondria .

What we need is an app that taps and uses superfluous spin energy in the body .
The good news is that I can intuit that can be done .
The bad news is that I am not smart enough to do it .
 Lest you think I am drifting , consider what it would be like to produce and consume not half your bodyweight in ATP per day , but 400% or 500% . Which you can do easily .
That runny tummy after a curry? That is not the oil . That is disposal of dead cells after apoptosis because of the capsaicum in the curry . Ditto for alcohol .
  
As they said in Rome in the time of the Caesars : Ben Hur for curry in a hurry .

19 .I shudder to think if they developed the bicycle (high probability: they had roller bearings) .
We know that bicycles with firearms will beat horses with firearms . (Dien ben phu)
But will bicycles with pikes beat horse with swords or lances ?
I think the bicycles will win . They will quickly evolve to the modern equivalent of cross-country bikes . And these are superior to a horse as a weapons platform , except for mass in a shock charge .
The same problem of phalanx vs legion , pike against horse .
If the pike have same maneuvaribilty as the horse , the mass does not matter .
Would a Roman Legion on bicycles have defeated  the same number of Huns on horseback ?
More important is training time . Chain the troopie to the bicycle . Then you have near zero training time. Not nice , but when is war ever nice ?

20 What does this mean now ?
Combine fearless child-soldiers , mountain bikes and fire-arms and cellphones and you have a formidable combination .
In all big inner cities .

Enough
Andre
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Appendix I
“Street child is a term for a child experiencing homelessness who primarily resides on the streets of a city
“UNICEF estimated that 100 million children were growing up on urban streets around the world.
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Appendix II
Children were used in every age . But modern firearms (AK47) puts them pari-passu with soldiers .
USA : The second recipient of the Congressional Medal of Honor was a 13 year old for an act of bravery when he was 11 years old .
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Appendix III
“Children by age three are at least sometimes permanently expelled from the household and form groups called age-bands consisting of those within the same age group. The 'Junior Group' consists of children from the ages of three to eight and the 'Senior Group' consists of those between eight and thirteen. No adults look after the children, who teach each other the basics of survival. However, it is not certain whether this practice is typical Ik tradition or merely triggered by unusual famine conditions. Tainter[1] proposes this fragmentation to be an artifact of the dire circumstances where each person must depend on their own resources alone to find food and the age peers band together primarily to protect themselves from older stronger children who would take their food. He also argues that the present social fragmentation is the result of extreme deprivation on a more complex and functional culture, an argument also made by Turnbull.[2]
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Appendix IV
I’ve just finished Joseph Tainter’s The Collapse of Complex Societies, and found the depiction of the Ik people of Northern Uganda to be fascinating, here’s an excerpt:
The Ik are a people of northern Uganda who live at what must surely be the extreme of deprivation and disaster. A largely hunting and gathering people who have in recent times practiced some crop planting … They are a morbidly fascinating case of collapse in which a former, low level of social complexity has essentially disappeared.
Due to drought and disruption by national boundaries of the traditional cycle of movement, the Ik live in such a food and water scarce environment that there is absolutely no advantage to reciprocity and social sharing. …
Each Ik will spend days or weeks on his or her own, searching for food and water. Sharing is virtually non-existent. Two siblings or other kin can live side-by-side, one dying of starvation and the other well nourished, without the latter giving the slightest assistance to the other. … The motivation for marriage or cohabitation is that one person can’t build a house alone. The members of a conjugal pair forage alone, and do not share food. …
Children are minimally cared for by their mothers until age three, and then are put out to fend for themselves. This separation is absolute. By age three they are expected to find their own food and shelter, and those that survive do provide for themselves. Children band into age-sets for protection, since adults will steal a child’s food whenever possible. … Groups of children will forage in agricultural fields, which scares off birds and baboons. This is often given as the reason for having children.
Although little is known about how the Ik got to their present situation, there are some indications of former organizational patterns. They posses clan names, although today these have no structural significance. They live in villages, but these no longer have any political meaning. The traditional authority structure of family, lineage, and clan leaders has been progressively weakened. It appears that a former level of organization has simply been abandoned by the Ik as unprofitable and unsuitable in their present distress.
Tainter’s book is an exhaustive study in how the marginal utility of complexity ultimately reaches a point of decline for all complex human societies. Complexity, from organizational hierarchies to defense, is administered to solve problems, but ultimately the payoff from increasing complexity dwindles and societies pursue further complexity to only maintain a status quo of living and governing conditions. And thus, as crises surge, the society is less able to cope and ultimately reaches a critical point when the dissolution of the society itself is the most optimal solution.”

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Appendix V
“Drawn with an anchor, the dolphin represents alternately, the Christian soul anchored by Christ's teaching and guidance or Christ Crucified. Shown with a boat, it symbolizes the Christian or Church being guided by Jesus. If entwined around a trident, the dolphin portrays Christ Crucified. When pictured with an octopus, the dolphin shows Christ triumphing over Satan.”
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Appendix VI
Great Gla .
Andre Willers
2 Jun 2011

Synopsis :
Gla (Arne in Homeric terms) was the greatest Fortress construction and irrigation works of the late Bronze Age .
After it's destruction , waves of devastation spread out all over the Eastern Mediterranean (Sea Peoples) . Trade partners in Western Europe and Britain also suffered decline .

Discussion :
The name :
"Gla" is proto-European , meaning Fortress . Remnants can be seen in "Glacis" and
"Glacier" .
"Arne" : See Appendix A .This was local and has vanished .

What happened to the Bronze Age ?
1.Population increased .
2.Trade increased pari-passu .
3.Elites increased even faster .
4.Climate started deteriorating .
5.Food supplies were under increasing pressure .
6.Twofold strategy to counter it:
6.1 Short term :Gla was constructed . Lake Kopais was drained .The area fed most of Greece. (See Appendix C)
6.2 Long term : Food was imported from cheaper production areas around the Black Sea .
7 .Pesky Trojans :
Troy was in a position to control food to humans and horses (military) in Greece
The choke-point through the Dardanelles .
Analogous to oil today .
8.Trojan War :
Homer is often criticized as having too large a  number of combatants . The suspicion is that the actual number was much larger towards the end .
It was a resources war . To the knife .
What was supposed to be a short , sharp war ended up in a long , drawn-out affair as more and more resources were thrown into the fray . Think WW I .
9. Logistical Mutual Destruction (LMD)
A variant of Mutual Assured Destruction  (MAD)
9.1 The Trojans bribed the Thessalians and Desmontes (the governor of Gla) to lay waste to the Gla foodbasket .
9.2 The Achaeans landed enough horses at Troy for cavalry to lay waste to the countryside around Troy . The Trojan Horse . Denying food .
10. Both sides collapsed , with refugees spreading out to all sides
11. Also called the Sea Peoples .
Thousands of veterans no longer had any homes to return to .
Odysseus was one of them  . The suitors for Penelope were desperate refugees .And he was a pirate .
12.The Inverse Sea Peoples .
Every armed man at Troy meant one not at home , ensuring law-and-order .
The cessation of an assured food supply from Gla  meant food riots .
Also plain revolution . Settlement of old scores (the Greeks were good at this) .
The major city-fortresses like Mycenae , Tiryns , etc were sacked , destroyed , burnt The surrounding peasants that supported the whole shebang skedaddled , and never returned to this day .
The self-styled rulers were not too popular . A peril of globalization , high interest rates and predatory banks (temples in those days)  .
13.The Dorians
They moved into this power-vacuum , pushing the refugees even further out .
What we would call ethnic cleansing .
(Something similar happened when the Angles and Saxons moved into Romano-Britain after the Roman Legions left .)
14 . A suitably Dark Age ensued , enabling new things .

15. The old was not forgotten , just not given a veto .
This is true after any revolution .

16. Population levels :
The archeological evidence from graveyards in Greece indicate a 95%  depopulation during this period . This seems excessive . Much more likely that they simply ran away , especially since they would have had ample warning . Refugees .
17 Written records :
Some die-hards would have carried written records . Look for Linear B in Canaanite countries . The Western and especially north-western shores of the Dead Sea should have the highest probability of old Linear B scripts . Refugees derived from the Sea Peoples would not hide things where religious sects would .

Think "Where would Odysseus hide it ?"
He would have hidden them  on the South-eastern and Southern slopes of Crete .
The Thera tsunamis would have reached about 100 meters , so ; look for caves above this .

18. A clue : the Cyclops legend . The Greeks did love their legends . The stupid man-eating giant with one eye is a perfect metaphor for their view of civilization .
This is where he would have hidden the libraries of Troy and the Greek version of the war .
Homer's description of the site is fairly exact . The shorelines at the time is available .
Anybody want to do a Schliemann ?
The Library of Troy would be extremely valuable .Homer does not even mention it . Yet this was what the whole war had been about .
The Contracts and the Contacts .

19. Look at what did not happen : trade between Black Sea states and Europe did not resume . Why not ?
Because Odysseus had scarpered with the whole lot . The real Treasure of Troy .
And he hid it . But ,by the time he got home , there was no longer a single state capable of utilizing the knowledge . He tried the Phoenicians and Carthaginians (Dido did not get diddled) .
Hoist by his own petard .
So , somewhere on Crete , the whole Troy library is still intact . There has been no ripple effects of it's existence till now . Well hidden , as expected .

I give it away for free just to spite jocks of his persuasion .

A bunch of kraters .

Andre .



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Appendix A

Arne (mythology)
"In Greek mythologyArne (Ἄρνη) or Melanippe (Μελανίππη) was a daughter of Aeolus and Melanippe (also Hippe or Euippe), daughter of Chiron. She was born as a foal as her mother had been transformed into a horse as a disguise, but was returned to the human form and renamed Arne. Aeolus entrusted her to the care of one Desmontes, however Poseidon fathered Aeolus and Boeotus with her while he was in the form of a bull. Enraged, Desmontes entombed and blinded her and placed her twin sons on Mount Pelion. She was later rescued by her sons and married king Metapontus of Icaria, and Poseidon restored her vision.
Through Boeotus, she was the ancestress of the Boeotians. A city named after her was recorded in
he Iliad's Catalogue of Ships which has been tentatively identified with the ruins of Gla."

Translate this from mythic terms
Arne was a Colony of mainly the Argos plains cities (Mycenae , Tiryns)
Betrayed by Desmontes (presumably a governor) , the city fell to the Thessalians (a rival nearby group) , then to the Dorians . The rich refugees fled east to the island of Icaria , while the poor ones became Boeotians . See Appendix B

Appendix B
"Sixty years after the capture of Ilium, the modern Boeotians were driven out of Arne by the Thessalians, and settled in the present Boeotia, the former Cadmeis.... Twenty years later, the Dorians and the Heraclids became masters of Peloponnese;" Thucydides

Appendix C
Gla (rarely Glas) (GreekΓλα or Γλας) was an important fortified site of the Mycenaean civilization, located in Boeotia, mainland Greece

Location
The site is located on a limestone outcrop or hill that jutted into Lake Kopais (now drained) or formed an island within it. The flat-topped outcrop rises up to 38m above the surrounding area. It measures circa 900 x 575m (at the widest point). The ancient name of the site is unknown, it is unclear whether it is one of the Boeotian places named by Homer (some scholars suggest that Gla is Homer's Arne). The scholarly designation "Gla" is from the Albanian word for fortification, the modern local population calls the site Paliokastro (Greek for "ancient fortress").[1]
Size
Excavation revealed much detail about the fortification walls (which were always visible) and, on the interior, remains of buildings from the Mycenaean period. The fortification encloses an area of nearly 20 hectares, about 10 times as much as the Mycenaean citadels of Athens orTiryns.

Walls
The walls are built of medium-sized limestone blocks, mostly in theCyclopean masonry technique (ashlar masonry is employed at some of the gates). They have a total length of 2.8 km, are up to 6.75m wide and 3-5m high
Elaborate built ramps led to the gates. The fortification can be dated to early LH III B, that is, circa 1300 BC.
Draining of Kopais
Much of the area within the walls is vacant, leading archaeologists to believe that it served as a refuge for farmers in the area of Lake Kopais in the event of attack. It is suggested that the land dominated by the citadel of Gla served as the "bread basket" of the Mycenaean world. This is supported by the fact that Lake Kopais, the largest lake in southern Greece, had been drained by a system of dams and canals (one of the most astonishing achievements ofprehistoric engineering) at about the same time as the erection of Gla, producing a large fertile plain. The drainage system collapsed from destruction or neglect at or after the end of Mycenaean Civilisation; in Classical Antiquity, the lake existed again. It was drained a second time in the 19th century.

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Appendix VII
Negative Kelvin Update .
Andre Willers
17 Feb 2011

Synopsis :
Laboratory achievement of negative Kelvin energy storage devices should be done during 2011.

Discussion :
See
http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Negative Kelvin"  Feb 2009 (Copied in Appendix A for ease of reference)

The experimental set-up is explained in
NewScientist 4 Dec 2010 p15 "How to venture below absolute zero"
And set out more formally in
Physical Review Letters , DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105..220405
(Work by Mosk , Rosch and colleagues.)

Interestingly , this model also suggests that atoms in the negative-temperature state has relatively higher energy .
In other words , an energy storage device .

Their model does not use spin (ie chirping of laser-lattices) to speed things up .

Use of the Algorithm-generating tool in
http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "P vs NP" Feb 2011 might give faster , sharper and stabler  results.

The Lady is only Fair  if she can Dance All Night .
(With apologies to Audrey Hepburn)

Andre

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Appendix A

Negative Kelvin
Andre Willers
11 Feb 2009

Synopsis :
Negative degrees Kelvin temperature and high-density energy storage .

Sources :
http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0412493
http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0511651
ScientificAmerican Nov 2008 p40

Discussion .
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is found to hold for linear momentum transfers , as long as non-equilibrium systems are examined in fine enough detail , though extra dimensions of descriptions have to be added .

The problem lies in transfers of linear momentum to angular momentum and vice-versa .

This is easiest shown with  thought experiments :

1.The Maxwell Demons :
The Demons directs higher-speed molecules to one side and the lower-speed ones to the other side . After a large number of iterations , one side boils and the other side freezes .

2.The Andre Demons :
The Demons direct molecules onto target molecules to increase their spin (paddlewheel principle) . After a large number of iterations , you have a matrix of molecules with zero linear motion , where all the energy is locked into the spin .
This is a material at negative degrees Kelvin . Any impinging particle will first have to soak up some of the energy in the spin before influencing the linear momentum (especially if the rotating molecules are locked in a matrix) .

These are theoretical ideals .
Ironically , Andre demons are much more feasible than Maxwell demons .
We use existing technology , mainly magnetrons(as in microwaves) and laser tweezers for the finishing touches for really high-density storage .

How to make a strong energy storage capsule:
Take a very well temperature- and electronic  insulated capsule of hot water , put a strong electrical field across it to give a directional bias to the linear momentum of the water molecules .
In the same direction as the electric field , chirp the output of a magnetron at decreasing harmonic frequencies of 2.45 gigaHz .
The chirp has to be integrated with the Doppler-feedback from the spinning water-molecules(like a laser tweezer) . Some fancy electronics might be required .
This feedback process satisfies the Beth(1) requirements .

This spins a statistically significant number of water molecules using heat vibrations .
The capsule's measurable temperature decreases .
Repeat until desired energy density is achieved .

To tap it :
We can use the Reciprocity Relation (for which Onsager received the Nobel prize) to get a burst of electromagnetic-waves (laser weapon up to gamma ray wavelengths ) , or tap the EMW for electrons like a battery .

Biological systems .
It bothers me that present theory allows only mitochondria to use rotations .
Biological systems use anything available .
What about things rolling around on the cell-surface between receptor sites ?
Most viruses (like HIV) follows a circular configuration . A simple physical block preventing rolling between the CD4 and CCR5 receptors might prevent HIV infection.
Or spin the HIV virus using electromagnetic radiation at a resonant frequency , reducing the incidence of docking .

This is a Beth(1) technology .

And so it twirls .

Andre .


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Kidney Repair 101

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Kidney Repair 101


Andre Willers
30 Jun 2014
Synopsis:
We attempt to find factors that aid the body to repair kidney damage .
 
This is not medical advice . Consult your doctor .
 
Discussion :
1.Kidneys can repair themselves . See Appendix 3 for one way they do it  .
2.The body uses Prostaglandins that are steered by Chaperones to Receptor sites to signal and trigger various processes .
 3.For kidneys , PG2 docking to EP3 applies , mediated by cAMP and PKA  chaperones .
See Appendices 1,2 and  3

)


4.Other major organs affected by this signal are Lipids , Muscles ,Liver , Nervous System , Kidneys
 

Systems affected are sugars (diabetes) , neurotransmitters , especially dopamine(Parkinsons) , blood pressure(hypertension) , ulcers (Rivenprost)
 
5. What to do :
Aid the body to do natural repair and regeneration until more precise techniques are available .
 
6. Kidney Repair Aids .
6.1 First , Do no Harm .
Stop any prescription drugs that causes Renal failure .
Use https://www.rxisk.org/Default.aspxfor bias-free side-effects analysis of drugs .
Unfortunately , widely used bloodpressure , diabetic , cholesterol , gout and ACE blockers all are implicated in “Renal Failure Acute” as a major side-effect .
 
6.2 Replace with friendlier alternatives , especially if kidney damage is already present :
Eg gout or cholesterol (Pantothine) , diabetes(low-carb diet) , ACE blockers (Rooibosch tea , aged Gouda cheese 8mths aged ,etc) , Calcium blocker(ginger) , bloodpressure (Vit D , sesame oil)
Search on internet, test and monitor .
Revert to old drug on occasion if necessary .
 
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
6.3 Helper Sequence (must be in this order)
6.3.1 Vit C 2000 mg
6.3.2 Sodium Bicarbonate (1 teaspoon) .This is to help kidneys regulate ph of blood .See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excess
 
6.3.3 Eat some Jelly (Gelatine) . Major nutrient source , all nicely packaged. Add Wheat Grass .
6.3.4 Take Branched Chain Amino Acid supplements .(Leucine , Valine , Isoleucine) About 400 mg . This is for ATP formation .
6.3.5 Take Essential Fatty Acid supplements (EPA, DHA , ALA , GLA) . About 800 mg .This is for kidney operation
 
6.3.6 Stimulate ATP production . This uses up Phosphor , which gives the kidneys a rest .The ATP is then also used as chaperones .
Exercise (aerobic , at least 5 minutes) or better , APS ATP-generator :  see http://www.apstherapy.com/  . Place electrodes over kidneys .
Hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
 
6.4 Control blood pressure .
BP after 2min exercise must be less than (Resting BP +16.1 x2 )
Eg , if Resting BP = 120 , then after 2 minutes exercise BP should be less than 152.2
See Appendix 4 below for boundaries for strokes .
Note that kidney damage from high BP can be seen as a form of stroke .

6.5 Sesame oil and Blood Pressure .
About 2 tablespoons of sesame oil per day should normalize or reduce BP and triglycerides .
Take medical advice if taking BP medication .
 
6.6 Take the usual supplements .
 
6.7 Dandelion , horsetail and Green teas benefit the kidneys .
 
6.8 Biofeedback .
Google it
 
6.9 Apps .

  http://www.resperate.com/ for a fancy breathing trainer .

7. Give your kidney some help !
  
 
Andre
 
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Appendix 1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor
Prostaglandin receptor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
There are currently ten known prostaglandin receptors on various cell types. Prostaglandins bind to a subfamily of cell surface seven-transmembrane receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors.[1]
These receptors are named:
·         DP1-2 - DP1DP2 receptors
·         EP1-4 - EP1EP2EP3EP4 receptors
·         FP - FP
·         IP1-2 - IP1IP2 receptors
·         TP - TP receptor
The names of these receptors correspond to the prostaglandin that they bind (e.g., DP1-2 receptors bind to PGD2).
See also[edit]
·         Eicosanoid receptor
·         Prostaglandin
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Appendix 2 .
 

·         PGE2:
·         EP1-(PGE2) (PTGER1) - PTGER1
·         EP2-(PGE2) (PTGER2) - PTGER2
·         EP3-(PGE2) (PTGER3) - PTGER3
·         EP4-(PGE2) (PTGER4) - PTGER4

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Appendix 3 .
 
The full paper about kidney repair is at
Prostaglandin E2 promotes cellular recovery from established nephrotoxic serum nephritis in mice, prosurvival, and regenerative effects on glomerular cells
Summary :
 “EP3 receptor has been identified as important in mediating beneficial effects of PGE2 in our system. PGE2 normalized glomerular cell losses during nephrotoxic serum-induced nephritis, restored synaptopodin distribution and F-actin filaments arrangement in glomeruli”
“ In conclusion, PGE2 treatment promotes resolution of glomerular inflammation. Consistent with this observation, the regenerative and cytoprotective effects of prostanoid on glomerular cells in culture were observed, suggesting that PGE2 may be beneficial in the treatment of glomerulonephritis.”

Methods to repair kidney cells, assess kidney function on the horizon
Date:
April 16, 2013
Source:
Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University
Summary:
Researchers may have found a way to block kidney-destroying inflammation and help damaged kidney cells recover. In a related study, they report progress on a non-invasive method to assess how much kidney function has survived a serious bout of inflammation or a chronic problem like high blood pressure.

In an effort to better protect them, researchers induced acute kidney inflammation, or nephritis, in mice then gave them prostaglandin E2 . The kidneys' filtering units promptly recovered. "The cells got better, the kidneys got better," said Madaio, corresponding author of the study in the American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology.
While prostaglandins are better known as natural pro-inflammatory lipid compounds, prostaglandin E2 has an anti-inflammatory effect. The researchers suspected -- and found -- it also had the bonus regenerative properties.

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Appendix 4 .
 



Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Response to Exercise Stress Test and Risk of Stroke

Methods— SBP was measured every 2 minutes during and after the exercise test. The subjects were a population-based sample of 1026 men without clinical coronary heart disease, antihypertensive medication, or prior stroke at baseline. During an average follow-up of 10.4 years, there were 46 cases of stroke (38 ischemic strokes).
Results— Men with SBP rise >19.7 mm Hg per minute of exercise duration had a 2.3-fold increased risk of any stroke and a 2.3-fold increased risk of ischemic stroke compared with men whose SBP rise was <16 .1="" 2="" 4.6-fold="" 5.2-fold="" a="" after="" and="" any="" associated="" at="" by="" divided="" exercise="" hg="" highest="" increased="" ischemic="" maximum="" min.="" minutes="" mm="" o:p="" of="" percent="" recovery="" risk="" sbp="" similarly="" stroke.="" stroke="" tertile="" was="" with="">16>
Conclusions— SBP rise during exercise and percent maximum SBP at 2 minutes after exercise were directly and independently associated with the risk of all stroke and ischemic stroke. Exercise SBP testing may be recommended as an additional tool in the prediction of future stroke.

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Appendix 5 .
Effect of Sesame Oil on Diuretics or ß-blockers in the Modulation of Blood Pressure, Anthropometry, Lipid Profile, and Redox Status
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract
The study was undertaken to investigate the effect of sesame oil in hypertensive patients who were on antihypertensive therapy either with diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) or ß-blockers (atenolol). Thirty-two male and 18 female patients aged 35 to 60 years old were supplied sesame oil (Idhayam gingelly oil) and instructed to use it as the only edible oil for 45 days. Blood pressure, anthropometry, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants were measured at baseline and after 45 days of sesame oil substitution. Substitution of sesame oil brought down systolic and diastolic blood pressure to normal. The same patients were asked to withdraw sesame oil consumption for another 45 days, and the measurements were repeated at the end of withdrawal period. Withdrawal of sesame oil substitution brought back the initial blood pressure values. A significant reduction was noted in body weight and body mass index (BMI) upon sesame oil substitution. No significant alterations were observed in lipid profile except triglycerides. Plasma levels of sodium reduced while potassium elevated upon the substitution of sesame oil. Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) decreased while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, ß-carotene, and reduced glutathione (GSH) were increased. The results suggested that sesame oil as edible oil lowered blood pressure, decreased lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant status in hypertensive patients.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxThe study was undertaken to investigate the effect of sesame oil in hypertensive patients who were on antihypertensive therapy either with diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) or ß-blockers (atenolol). Thirty-two male and 18 female patients aged 35 to 60 years old were supplied sesame oil (Idhayam gingelly oil) and instructed to use it as the only edible oil for 45 days. Blood pressure, anthropometry, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants were measured at baseline and after 45 days of sesame oil substitution. Substitution of sesame oil brought down systolic and diastolic blood pressure to normal. The same patients were asked to withdraw sesame oil consumption for another 45 days, and the measurements were repeated at the end of withdrawal period. Withdrawal of sesame oil substitution brought back the initial blood pressure values. A significant reduction was noted in body weight and body mass index (BMI) upon sesame oil substitution. No significant alterations were observed in lipid profile except triglycerides. Plasma levels of sodium reduced while potassium elevated upon the substitution of sesame oil. Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) decreased while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, ß-carotene, and reduced glutathione (GSH) were increased. The results suggested that sesame oil as edible oil lowered blood pressure, decreased lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant status in hypertensive patients.



Work till you drop.

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Work till you drop .


Andre Willers.
29 Jul 2014
Synopsis:
If pension funding is kept the same as at present , then the general retirement age would have to be about at age 75 .
 
Discussion :

1.The government retirement basis was mainly set up in 1930 . See Appendix A
2.The retirement ages remained the same . Little change was made in reserve provisions due to political unwillingness to raise taxes as life-expectancy increased .
3.The result is a huge pension shortfall , now coming home to roost as baby-boomers begin to retire .
4.Raising the retirement age is being done .
5.We calculate the retirement ages for the same mortality as at 1930 .
See Appendix C and Appendix B.

6. New Retirement ages .
Male future retirement 2010 - 2100                                                        
Age increases from 73 to 81, with life expectancy at 11 years essentially the same as in 1930 .
                                                               
Female future retirement 2010 - 2100                                                   
Age increases from 71 to 78, with life expectancy at 14 years two years less than in 1930 .
 
7.Doing the same using persons alive at the retirement age(Tx) (an indicator of reserves required) , gives the same approximate result .
Comparing Tx of 1930 with 2010 figures indicates that the 2010 pensions would only be 45%  funded . (45=100/2.2)
Moody’s Estimate in 2013 is 48% . See
“The report, released today, examined pensions in every state and found that the total funded ratio, which measures assets relative to liabilities, fell to 48 percent under its new methodology from 74 percent before the changes. The ratio measures fund management and whether a state is keeping up with promises to retirees.
 
8.Great social instability results .
Retirees are abruptly poorer , as well as a charge on the fiscus .
As GINI rises , the new aristocracy and oligarchs consume more resources at the expense of the erstwhile middle-classes .

9.Choices :
9.1 Work till you drop . (Extend retirement age till 75)
9.2 Revolution . (Take from the rich)
9.3 War . (Take from other countries)
9.4 General assisted euthanasia .(Reduce population and old/sick/poor)
9.5 Famine and plague .(The result of overpopulation )
9.6 Everybody grows super-rich (ie Singularity) .
Once a real possibility , but increasingly remote as human greed erodes the future .
It seems that this option is being pre-empted by oligarchs.
This attractor can be eco-stable in the ancient Egyptian sense : Small Hi-tech eco-aristocracy and a large low-tech serf class, with some mobility between classes .
Some countries are already nearly there .

Humans should have stuck with what they could handle : a Neolithic fishing village .
 
Curmudgeonly yours
Andre
 
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Appendix A


The Origins of the Retirement Age in Social Security
By the time America moved to social insurance in 1935 the German system was using age 65 as its retirement age. But this was not the major influence on the Committee on Economic Security (CES) when it proposed age 65 as the retirement age under Social Security. This decision was not based on any philosophical principle or European precedent. It was, in fact, primarily pragmatic, and stemmed from two sources. One was a general observation about prevailing retirement ages in the few private pension systems in existence at the time and, more importantly, the 30 state old-age pension systems then in operation. Roughly half of the state pension systems used age 65 as the retirement age and half used age 70. The new federal Railroad Retirement System passed by Congress earlier in 1934, also used age 65 as its retirement age. Taking all this into account, the CES planners made a rough judgment that age 65 was probably more reasonable than age 70. This judgment was then confirmed by the actuarial studies. The studies showed that using age 65 produced a manageable system that could easily be made self-sustaining with only modest levels of payroll taxation. So these two factors, a kind of pragmatic judgment about prevailing retirement standards and the favorable actuarial outcome of using age 65, combined to be the real basis on which age 65 was chosen as the age for retirement under Social Security. With all due respect to Chancellor Bismarck, he had nothing to do with it.
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Appendix B
Definition of terms
q(x) is the probability that a life aged exactly x will die in the next year ie, before attaining exact age x+1
e(x)
Life expectancy is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years of life remaining at a given age.[1] It is denoted by e_x,[a] which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience. Because life expectancy is an average, a particular person may well die many years before or many years after their "expected" survival. The term "maximum life span" has a quite different meaning. The "median life span" is also a different concept although fairly similar to life expectancy numerically in most developed countries.
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Appendix C
Finding new expected retirement ages in 21stcentury using same reserve requirements as 1930 .
Mortality tables
Find future age with same mortality as 1930 mortality .
Old Retirement Ages with mortality and life expectancy
Male
Female
Year
Age
Mortality
Life Exp
Retire
Age
Mortality
Life Exp
Retire
x
q(x)
e(x)
x
q(x)
e(x)
1900
65
0.041585
11.35
60
0.026266
14.96
1910
65
0.041512
11.38
60
0.024240
15.16
1920
65
0.037141
11.81
60
0.022675
15.48
1930
65
0.039454
11.83
Retire
60
0.021874
16.04
Retire
1940
65
0.038116
11.92
60
0.038113
16.78
New Retirement Ages with estimated mortality and life expectancy
Male
Female
Year
Age
Mortality
Life Exp
Retire
Age
Mortality
Life Exp
Retire
x
q(x)
e(x)
x
q(x)
e(x)
2010
73
0.036823
11.26
Retire
71
0.020745
14.99
Retire
2010
74
0.039951
10.67
72
0.022548
14.30
2020
74
0.036556
11.17
Retire
72
0.020818
14.84
Retire
2020
75
0.039864
10.57
73
0.022617
14.15
2100
81
0.039454
10.12
Retire
78
0.020648
14.19
Retire
2100
82
0.044491
9.51
79
0.022264
13.48
New Retirement Ages with  life expectancy
Male
Female
Year
Age
Life Exp
Age
Life Exp
2010
73
11
71
14
2020
74
11
72
14
2100
81
10
78
14
Male future retirement 2010 - 2100
Age increases from 73 to 81, with life expectancy at 11 years essentially the same as in 1930 .
Female future retirement 2010 - 2100
Age increases from 71 to 78, with life expectancy at 14 years two years less than in 1930 .
Reserves for retirement using 1930 standards would then be adequate .
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Ebola the Friendly Reaper

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Ebola   the FRIENDLY Reaper .


Andre Willers
3 Aug 2014
Synopsis :
Like Tuberculosis , Ebola evolved to switch on lethality genes when conditions exceed a certain level of complexity . Complexity is ASSOCIATED with prosperity plus overpopulation . Gaian population control .
 
Discussion :
1.TB :
Briefly , TB co-evolved with humans . It is present in nearly everybody , but switches lethality genes on only in CERTAINcircumstances , usually related to shortages . Control of the lethality switches seems to be another layer of controls above the Epigenetic system .
 
2. Complexity :
Note how complexity enables the lethality switch-on

 3. Epidemics without pathogens .
Repeated in Appendix IV .
 
4. How does complexity benefit an extremely lethal organism like Ebola ?
Complexity can be MEASURED by the level of the Network of the hosts
In a simple society  , the disease burns out QUICKLY and is self-containing . Lethality genes have evolved not to switch on .
But when things get more complicated , Small-World Networks develop , with Hierarchies that enables small groups to prosper and TRAVEL .
 Long-distance links enables organisms with long infectious , symptom FREE  progress to prosper by infecting many hosts .
Quorum MECHANISMS switch on lethality genes .
 
 5. Pneumonic Ebola can then be expected to switch on .
It already exists .
Abstract
In 2008, Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) was isolated from pigs during a disease INVESTIGATION in the Philippines. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) infections were also confirmed in affected herds and the contribution of REBOV to the disease outbreak remains uncertain. We have conducted experimental challenge studies in 5-week-old pigs, with exposure of animals to 106 TCID50 of a 2008 swine isolate of REBOV via either the oronasal or subcutaneous route. Replication of virus in internal organs and viral shedding from the nasopharynx were documented in the absence of clinical SIGNS of disease in infected pigs. These observations confirm not only that asymptomatic infection of pigs with REBOV occurs, but that animals so affected pose a transmission risk to farm, veterinary, and abattoir workers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 
6.Quarantine :
Quarantine collapses the Small-World Network . Virulence should decrease .
You wonder whether you would STAND a better chance inside a quarantined zone than outside .
Things are much less complicated inside the quarantine zone . Will some of the lethality genes STAND down ?
Any VOLUNTEERS to find out ?
There should be some way of getting such DATA for Cholera , Spanish Flu , Flu , etc .
 
7.Is there any hope ?
YES , but only off-planet .
Homo Sapiens’s greed and stupidity have pushed the systems very far out of balance .
The plagues and the eco-disturbances are survivable , but most of the damage will be done by warfare .
 
And of course , that old chestnut “The SINGULARITY.”
Which seems SINGULARLY absent .
Like a quantum-spin DIVORCING it’s parent-particle .
 
COUGHING is Capital Offence !”
Andre
 
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Appendix I
A pop version of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24590073 . (For full version , see Appendix II below .)

8/3/2014 A Possible Cure for Ebola Virus Infection? | RealClearScience

RealClearScience Journal Club
SCIENCE Figures Interpreted and Analyzed by RealClearScience
A Possible Cure for Ebola Virus Infection?
By Alex B. Berezow - April 21, 2014

Ebola is one of the scariest viruses on Earth. Along with Marburg and a few other lesser known viruses, it is
a member of the Filoviridae FAMILY, a nasty group of microbes that causes hemorrhagic fever. Like most
viral diseases, patients with hemorrhagic fever will first present with flu-like symptoms. As the disease
progresses, patients often bleed from their body orifices, such as their eyes and ears. Death, however, does
not result from blood loss, but from shock or organ failure.

Hemorrhagic fevers are not easy to catch. Transmission generally requires prolonged contact with the
patient or with his bodily fluids. Mortality rates depend on the particular viral strain. For Ebola, the
deadliest strain is Zaire, which can kill up to 90% of those infected. The worst ever outbreak occurred in
Congo in 1976. That year, 318 PEOPLE were infected and 280 died, a mortality rate of 88%. Currently, an
outbreak of Ebola has killed at least 135 people in west Africa. The virus resembles Zaire, but researchers
have determined that it is a brand new strain.

Obviously, finding a treatment or cure for such a
frightening disease is desirable. With our HIGHLY
interconnected world, it is only a matter of time BEFORE a hemorrhagic fever shows up on our doorstep.
(Actually, that's already happened.) Unfortunately, at the present time, there is little that can be DONE for a
victim of Ebola or any other hemorrhagic fever. Mostly, patients are kept hydrated and symptoms are
treated as they arise. Other than that, doctors CROSS their fingers and hope the patient doesn't die.
That may be about to change. In the journal Nature, scientists -- whoCONDUCTED much of their work in the
secretive, high-containment biological laboratory maintained by USAMRIID at Fort Detrick, Maryland --
have reported the discovery of a SMALL molecule that rescues rodents and monkeys from various



8/3/2014 A POSSIBLE Cure for Ebola Virus Infection? | RealClearScience

hemorrhagic fevers. Even more, the drug EXHIBITED activity against a wide range of viruses.
The molecule, named BCX4430, resembles the famous "A" found in DNA: adenosine. (Recall that DNA is
made of Adenosine, Thymidine, Cytidine and Guanosine.) The RNA-based filoviruses also use "A" in their
genomes. BCX4430, because it resembles "A", can be accidentally used by the virus when it is trying to
grow inside of our cells. For the virus, this is a fatal mistake. BCX4430 blocks further growth and
reproduction.
Hold up a minute, you're probably thinking. DON'T all cells use "A" too? Shouldn't this drug be expected to
hurt not only the virus, but humans as well? That would be a reasonable expectation, but for some reason,
BCX4430 APPEARS to only hurt the virus. Human cells appear not to be fooled by BCX4430 and do just
fine in its presence.
The most compelling experiment the research team ran involved the infection of cynomolgus macaque
monkeys with deadly Marburg virus. Macaques were given twice daily doses of BCX4430 for 14 days
beginning 1 hour, 24 hours, or 48 hours post-infection. (See graph. There were six monkeys in each
treatment GROUP.)
As shown above, all of the monkeys that did not receive BCX4430 (LABELED "vehicle") died by day 12.
However, every monkey (EXCEPT for one) that received a dose of BCX4430 survived, even if the initial
dose came 48 hours after infection. In total, 17 out of 18 treated monkeys lived.
Amazingly, in vitro experiments showed that BCX4430 could potentially work AGAINST a wide range of
viruses, including SARS, MERS, influenza, dengue, and measles.
Because no human CLINICAL TRIALS have yet been conducted, it's still far too early to pop the cork on our
champagne bottle. But this antiviral HOLDS the greatest potential for curing nightmarish hemorrhagic
fevers.
Source: TK Warren et al. "Protection against filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside
analogue BCX4430." Nature 508: 402-405 (2014). doi:10.1038/nature13027


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Appendix II
Nature. 2014 Apr 17;508(7496):402-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13027. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
Protection AGAINST filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430.
·         1Division of Molecular and Translational SCIENCES, Therapeutic Discovery Center, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA.
·         2BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Inc., Durham, NORTH Carolina 27703, USA.
·         31] BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Inc., Durham, NORTH Carolina 27703, USA [2] Wilco Consulting, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27712, USA.
·         4MedExpert Consulting, Inc., Indialantic, Florida 32903, USA.
Abstract
Filoviruses are emerging pathogens and causative agents of viral haemorrhagic fever. Case fatality rates of filovirus disease outbreaks are among the highest reported for any human pathogen, exceeding 90% (ref. 1). Licensed therapeutic or vaccine products are not available to treat filovirus diseases. Candidate therapeutics previously shown to be efficacious in non-human primate disease models are based on virus-specific designs and have limited broad-spectrum antiviral potential. Here we show that BCX4430, a novel synthetic adenosine analogue, inhibits infection of distinct filoviruses in human cells. Biochemical, reporter-based and primer-extension assays indicate that BCX4430 inhibits viral RNA polymerase function, acting as a non-obligate RNA chain terminator. Post-exposure intramuscular administration of BCX4430 protects against Ebola virus and Marburg virus disease in rodent models. Most importantly, BCX4430 COMPLETELY protects cynomolgus macaques from Marburg virus infection when administered as late as 48 hours after infection. In addition, BCX4430 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against numerous viruses, including bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses and flaviviruses. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of non-human primate protection from filovirus disease by a synthetic drug-like small molecule. We provide additional pharmacological characterizations supporting the potential development of BCX4430 as a countermeasure against human filovirus diseases and other viral diseases representing major public health threats.
Comment in
·         Antiviral drugs: Spanner in the works of filovirus infection. [Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014]
·         Possible leap ahead in filovirus therapeutics. [Cell Res. 2014]
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Appendix III
Similar molecules mimicking nucleotides in DNA or RNA can throw a spanner in the works .
Examples :
1)
Thymine          5-Bromouracil ( web.stanford.edu/~kendric/PDF/A16.pdf) . Taken up into DNA , it makes organism more sensitive to UV .
 
2) FORCED mutations



Tuesday, July 29, 2014

FORCED MUTATIONS

Fifteen years ago, MIT professor John Essigmann and colleagues from the University of Washington had a novel idea for an HIV drug. They thought if they could induce the virus to mutate uncontrollably, they could FORCE it to weaken and eventually die out — a strategy that our immune system uses against many viruses.

The researchers developed such a drug, which caused HIV to mutate at an enhanced rate, as expected. But it did not eliminate the virus from patients in a small CLINICAL TRIALreported in 2011. In a new study, however, Essigmann and colleagues have determined the mechanism behind the drug’s action, which they believe could help them develop better versions that would destroy the virus more quickly.

This type of drug could, they say, HELP combat the residual virus that remains in the T cells of patients whose disease has been brought into long-term remission by the triple-drug combination typically used to treat HIV. These viruses re-emerge periodically, which is why patients must stay on the drug cocktail indefinitely and are not considered “cured.”

“This has really been the biggest problem in HIV,” says Essigmann, the William R. and Betsy P. Leitch Professor of Chemistry, Toxicology, and Biological Engineering at MIT. “What we would hope is that over a long period of time on this type of therapy, a PERSON would potentially have their latent pool mutated to the extent that it no longer causes active disease.”

In the new study, which appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of SCIENCES (PNAS) the week of July 28, the researchers discovered exactly how the drug, known as KP1212, induces the HIV genome to mutate. The paper’s lead authors are MIT postdocs Deyu Li, Bogdan Fedeles, and Vipender Singh, along with recent MIT PhD graduate Chunte Sam Peng. Essigmann and Andrei Tokmakoff, a former MIT professor who is now at the University of Chicago, are the paper’s senior authors.


Too MUCH mutation

After HIV INFECTS a cell, it rapidly begins making copies of its genetic material. This copying is very error-prone, so the virus mutates swiftly. This usually helps the virus survive by allowing it to evade both the immune system and human-made drugs. However, at a conference in the late 1990s, Essigmann learned from an evolutionary biologist that if the virus could be forced to double its mutation rate, it would no longer be able to produce functional proteins.

Essigmann and Lawrence Loeb, a professor of biochemistry at the University of Washington, started working together to exploit this idea. Essigmann had been developing compounds that mimic natural nucleotides — the A, C, T, and G “LETTERS” that form DNA base pairs — but that induce genetic mutations by binding with the wrong partner.   Loeb is an expert on polymerases, the enzymes that string nucleotides together to form DNA or RNA.

Together with James Mullins, an immunology professor and HIV expert at the University of Washington, Essigmann and Loeb designed a molecule called 5-hydroxycytosine, described in a 1999 PNAS PAPER. When given to HIV-infected cells grown in the lab, this molecule was incorporated into the viral genome in place of the natural form of cytosine. Within 25 viral replication cycles, HIV populations in those infected cells collapsed.

The researchers then formed a company, Koronis Pharmaceuticals, which developed KP1212, a compound that is 100 times more mutagenic than 5-hydroxycytosine. In a four-month CLINICAL TRIAL of 32 patients, mutations accumulated in the patients’ viral DNA, but not enough to induce a population crash. The drug was also found to be safe: It did not mutate the patients’ own DNA, in part because the drug was designed so that human forms of DNA polymerase could not accept it.


SHAPE-shifting molecules

In the new PNAS paper, the researchers used advanced spectroscopy techniques to analyze KP1212’s ability to promote tautomerism, a chemical phenomenon that involves the migration of protons among the nitrogen and oxygen atoms on nucleic-acid bases. This allowed the researchers to see that ONCE KP1212 inserts itself into the genome, it can switch among five different shapes, or tautomers. Some of these behave like cytosine, by pairing with guanine. However, some of the tautomers resemble thymine, so they will pair with adenine, introducing mutations.

“The five molecules are changing shape on a nanosecond timescale, and each shape has a different base-pairing property, so you will see a promiscuity in terms of the bases with which KP1212 pairs,” Singh says.

To see this shape-shifting, the researchers used NMR and a form of 2-D infrared spectroscopy developed by Tokmakoff. This technology ALLOWS scientists to determine the atomic composition and structure of nucleic-acid bases.

Then, using a genetic tool DEVELOPED in the Essigmann lab, the researchers determined that KP1212 induces a mutation rate of exactly 10 percent in the HIV genome. Based on these findings, Essigmann estimates that if KP1212 doubles the mutation rate of HIV, it could clear the virus from patients in one to two years.

He says that Koronis hopes to run a longer trial of KP1212 and is also INTERESTED in developing drugs that would work faster, which could be accomplished by altering some of the chemical features of the molecule and testing whether they speed up the mutation rate.

“This technology allows you to detect the quantitative contribution of different tautomers to the types and frequencies of mispairing by nucleoside analogs,” says Loeb, who was not involved in the new paper. “It would ALLOW you to test ahead of time what is making the mispairing occur with the compound that you’re using.”

The paper also identified other FACTORS that scientists could manipulate to improve the drug’s performance.

“There are other variables that are important to calculate the TIME it would take to eradicate a virus,” Fedeles says. “That includes the concentration that the drug needs to achieve inside the cell, and the ability of a cell to convert the nucleoside, the molecule without the phosphate, to the triphosphate version, which is the one incorporated by the polymerase.”

“We’re building up a new strategy that can give us a lot of insights into how to design a new molecule,” Li says. “It’s a new toolset for developing FUTURE drugs. Those drugs are not limited to HIV. They could be candidates for dengue fever, or some other viruses such as yellow fever.”

Ribavirin, a drug used to treat hepatitis C, and the influenza drug T-705 are also believed to provoke hypermutation in their target viruses. The MIT team also plans to work with Loeb to test the POSSIBILITY of using similar compounds to force tumor cells to mutate themselves into extinction.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science FOUNDATION, and the MIT Laser Biomedical Research Center.

Posted by Basil Venitis at 3:14 PM 
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Thursday, October 28, 2010
Epidemics without Pathogen transmission .
Epidemics without Pathogen transmission .
Andre Willers
28 Oct 2010

Synopsis:
Epidemics can manifest without pathogen transmission if (1) pathogens are already present in an organism , but with lethality genes switched off , and (2) quorum markers can be transmitted .

Discussion:
This has not been much of a problem as yet , because we did not have filters good enough to keep out bacteriological (maybe even viral) particles . But we do now . Nano filters (eg Uni Stellenbosch simple and cheap WATER FILTER using tangled bundles of carbon nano-fibres) .

This will keep out the nasty , large bugs , but not the marker molecules used to transmit information in the bacterial/viral quorum system .

Everybody has endogenous potentially harmful bacteria . But their lethality genes are switched off as long as they are better off in a healthy host .

For example , the water might test clear of any pathogen , but have a high enough concentration of quorum markers to trigger the lethality switches of endogenous bacteria or viruses .
They then SEND out more markers . If there is a shared medium like water , a ripple of bacterial activation is sent out . This can have a positive feedback if the water supply is limited , concentrating the markers .

Urine:
And , of course nothing concentrates the markers more than urine .
So , urine might test sterile , but still kill you stone dead by activating lethality switches .

That will teach you to pee in the pool !

Note the decreased mortality due to male circumcision . Less urine is retained in the prepuce . The same effect is observed in females with tampons and pads , or in general with nappies . A form of anaphylactic shock , as the lethality genes get quorum , switch on and the body's immune system responds . But the little buggers are all over , so the immune system tries to respond all-over , instead of localized (which is it's forte) . This is anaphylactic , systemic shock . A variant is known as asthma .

Prophylactic MEASURES :
1.Keep pubic hairs short
See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com "Old Age markers" 23 Dec 2007
This is to prevent quorum markers from sticking around . A bidet with CLEAN WATER is recommended .
2.Use some toilet PAPER . Nothing soggy or wet should be retained in contact with the body .
Do not use absorbent underwear .The longer it stays wet , the longer it zaps you .

Some other horries:

1.Flesh eating bacteria . A "tragedy of the commons" variant . The bacteria get a quorum telling them that the host is dead or in extremis . They promptly switch on genes that enable them to eat the host .

2.Cancers . Some types of cancers are similar .

3.Consumptive type diseases : by definition .

4.Air-borne quorum markers .
Possible , but would normally be limited to the personal heat-envelope . If this is a problem , use a simple fan . Will be a problem in space-habitats . TB?

5.Touch quorum markers (includes fluid exchange)
The HIV to AIDS transition springs to mind . Many people live quite happily with HIV even without ARV's , but something triggers the quorum mechanism and the lethality RNA switches on . This suggests a very low quorum .
Our venerable history of Democracy suggests two solutions : kill the voters (ie quorum markers) or saturate with shills . This second has been found most effective .

This MEANS :
Accellerate the HIV mutation rate . Flood the system with their marker products (about a cc injection) .
This will prevent a quorum . It will also make the Pharma's happy , as it means a repeated dose is necessary .

The usual human choice .
Pay up or die .

Andre


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Appendix Images
NOTE similar chemical structures :

BCX4430



Additional Products to Explore







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Deader guide to Ebola .

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Deader guide to Ebola.


Andre Willers
13 Aug 2014
“Dead , Deader , Deadest !
What I tell you three times is true.”   … The Snarkier Bellman .
  
Synopsis :
Ebola and its cousins can vector through plants as well as animals . A versatile and tough beastie  .
 
Discussion :
1.Are plants the missing Ebola reservoirs and vector ?
If so , humans are in deep , deep doo-doo .
1.1 Antibodies to Ebola have been found in plants . See Appendix A , B and C below .
This means that the plants must have been infected with the virus .
This means that the virus could hide in the plants .
 
1.2.The virus seems to be an aggressive coloniser .
Appendix D indicates bird vectoring of a close relative of Ebola (Nile Virus)
 
2. If human staplefood plants become infected , famine would result .
 
3.Tobacco (see Appendix A , B) would be a prime candidate .
 
4.The virus seems old and sophisticated . Probably capable of multiple behaviours only now being switched on .
 
5.A Quick and dirty way to estimate plateau  populations for an epidemic :
See Appendix E
Ebola and Smallpox seem about the same threat level (roughly ~50% level of population at plateau) , ie 7.5 Bn dead .
But HIV is about double as dangerous (~25% survival ) .
Both combined as at present , gives 0.5*0.25 ~.125 , ie 12.5% survival .
 
Better make friends with those nifty vaccines fast .
 
Good luck !

Andre
 
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Appendix A

Plant-made antibodies used as therapy for Ebola in humans: post-exposure prophylaxis goes green!

Yes, I know you fans of ViroBlogy like Ebola – and just coincidentally, I was desperately trying to finish a review on “Plant-based vaccines against viruses” against a backdrop of an out-of-control Ebola epidemicin West Africa, when three different people emailed me different links to news of use of a plant-made monoclonal antibody cocktail.  I immediately included it in my review – and I am publishing an excerpt here, for informations’ sake.  Enjoy!
Plantibodies against Ebola
The production of anti-Ebola virus antibodies has recently been explored in plants: this could yet become an important part of the arsenal to prevent disease in healthcare workers, given that at the time of writing an uncontrolled Ebola haemorrhagic fever outbreak was still raging in West Africa, and the use of experimental solutions was being suggested (Senthilingam, 2014). For example, use of a high-yielding geminivirus-based transient expression system in N benthamianathat is particularly suited to simultaneous expression of several proteins allowed expression of a MAb (6DB) known to protect animals from Ebola virus infection, at levels of 0.5 g/kg biomass (Chen et al., 2011). The same group also used the same vector system (described in detail here (Rybicki and Martin, 2014)) in lettuce to produce potentially therapeutic MAbs against both Ebola and West Nile viruses (Lai et al., 2012).
A more comprehensive investigation was reported recently, of both plant production of Mabs and post-exposure prophylaxis of Ebola virus infection in rhesus macaques (Olinger et al., 2012). Three Ebola-specific mouse-human chimaeric MAbs (h-13F6, c13C6, and c6D8; the latter two both neutralising) were produced in whole N benthamiana plants via agroinfilration of magnICON TMV-derived viral vectors. A mixture of the three MAbs – called MB-003 – given as a single dose of 16.7 mg/kg per Mab 1 hour post-infection followed by doses on days 4 and 8, protected 3 of 3 macaques from lethal challenge with 1 000 pfu of Ebola virus. The researchers subsequently showed significant protection with MB-003 treatment given 24 or 48 hours post-infection, with four of six monkeys testing surviving, compared to none in two controls. All surviving animals treated with MB-003 experienced insignificant if any viraemia, and negligible clinical symptoms compared to the control animals. A significant finding was that the plant-produced MAbs were three times as potent as the CHO cell-produced equivalents – a clear case of plant production leading to “biobetters”. A follow-up of this work investigated efficacy of treatment with MB-003 after confirmation of infection in rhesus macaques, “according to a diagnostic protocol for U.S. Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization” (Pettitt et al., 2013). In this experiment 43% of treated animals survived, whereas all controls tested here and previously with the same challenge protocol died from the infection.
In news from just prior to submission of this article, a report quoted as coming from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases states that two US healthcare workers who contracted Ebola in Liberia were treated with a cocktail of anti-Ebola Mabs called ZMapp– described as a successor to MB-003 – developed by Mapp Pharmaceutical of San Diego, and manufactured by Kentucky BioProcessing (Langreth et al., 2014). Despite being given up to nine days post-infection in one case, it appears to have been effective (Wilson and Dellorto, 2014).
A novel application of the same technology was also used to produce an Ebola immune complex (EIC) in N benthamiana, consisting of the Ebola envelope glycoprotein GP1 fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain of the humanised 6D8 MAb, which binds a linear epitope on GP1. Geminivirus vector-mediated co-expression of the GP1-HC fusion and the 6D8 light chain produced assembled immunoglobulin, which was purified by protein G affinity chromatography. The resultant molecules bound the complement factor C1q, indicating immune complex formation. Subcutaneous immunisation of mice with purified EIC elicited high level anti-GP1 antibody production, comparable to use of GP1 VLPs (Phoolcharoen et al., 2011). This is the first published account of an Ebola virus candidate vaccine to be produced in plants.
References
Chen, Q., He, J., Phoolcharoen, W., Mason, H.S., 2011. Geminiviral vectors based on bean yellow dwarf virus for production of vaccine antigens and monoclonal antibodies in plants. Human vaccines 7, 331-338.
Lai, H., He, J., Engle, M., Diamond, M.S., Chen, Q., 2012. Robust production of virus-like particles and monoclonal antibodies with geminiviral replicon vectors in lettuce. Plant biotechnology journal 10, 95-104.
Langreth, R., Chen, C., Nash, J., Lauerman, J., 2014. Ebola Drug Made From Tobacco Plant Saves U.S. Aid Workers. Bloomberg.com.
Olinger, G.G., Jr., Pettitt, J., Kim, D., Working, C., Bohorov, O., Bratcher, B., Hiatt, E., Hume, S.D., Johnson, A.K., Morton, J., Pauly, M., Whaley, K.J., Lear, C.M., Biggins, J.E., Scully, C., Hensley, L., Zeitlin, L., 2012. Delayed treatment of Ebola virus infection with plant-derived monoclonal antibodies provides protection in rhesus macaques. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 18030-18035.
Pettitt, J., Zeitlin, L., Kim do, H., Working, C., Johnson, J.C., Bohorov, O., Bratcher, B., Hiatt, E., Hume, S.D., Johnson, A.K., Morton, J., Pauly, M.H., Whaley, K.J., Ingram, M.F., Zovanyi, A., Heinrich, M., Piper, A., Zelko, J., Olinger, G.G., 2013. Therapeutic intervention of Ebola virus infection in rhesus macaques with the MB-003 monoclonal antibody cocktail. Science translational medicine 5, 199ra113.
Phoolcharoen, W., Bhoo, S.H., Lai, H., Ma, J., Arntzen, C.J., Chen, Q., Mason, H.S., 2011. Expression of an immunogenic Ebola immune complex in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant biotechnology journal 9, 807-816.
Rybicki, E.P., Martin, D.P., 2014. Virus-Derived ssDNA Vectors for the Expression of Foreign Proteins in Plants. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 375, 19-45.
Senthilingam, M., 2014. Ebola outbreak: Is it time to test experimental vaccines? CNN.
Wilson, J., Dellorto, D., 2014. 9 questions about this new Ebola drug. CNN.

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Appendix B
A similar plant as the one harbouring Ebola antibodies in Appendix A is found widely in West Africa.
It could be a missing reservoir and vector .

“Caesalpinia benthamiana (Baill.) Herend. & Zarucchi

Protologue
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77(4): 854 (1990).
Family
Caesalpiniaceae (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae).
Synonyms
Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill. (1866).
Origin and geographic distribution
Caesalpinia benthamiana is widespread in West and Central Africa, where it occurs from Senegal to Gabon.
Uses
In Senegal an infusion of the dried roots is drunk or used as a bath against general malaise. In Senegal, Guinea and Nigeria a decoction of roots, bark and leaves is used to cure urethral discharge. In Guinea the young leaves are chewed as a depurative and masticatory. In Côte d’Ivoire Caesalpinia benthamiana stem liquid is dropped in the eye to cure inflammation and cataract. In Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria stems and roots are used for dental hygiene, to sooth toothache and as an aphrodisiac. Leaves are applied as a paste to treat snakebites. In Senegal, Sierra Leone and Ghana wounds, skin infections, piles and ulcers are treated with a watery macerate of leafy twigs, mashed-up leaves or leaf ash. The leaves are mildly laxative and used to cure colic. Patients suffering from hookworm or Guinea worm eat the young leaves as a treatment. Patients suffering from impotence related to venereal diseases are prescribed a macerate of leafy twigs. A root decoction is drunk to cure dysentery. The roots are added to palm wine to increase the strength or its aphrodisiac properties.
In Gambia Caesalpinia benthamiana is grown in garden fences to make them impenetrable. When cut the stems yield drinking water.”


See also
Googled list of plants with antibodies .





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Appendix C
Abstract
Deep sequencing was used to discover a novel rhabdovirus (Bas-Congo virus, or BASV) 

“ Notably, although rhabdoviruses span all continents and exhibit a wide host range, infecting plants, invertebrates, vertebrate animals, and humans, relatively few are known to cause human infections. Rabies virus (RABV) and related viruses from the Lyssavirus genus and Chandipura virus (CHPV) from the Vesiculovirus genus are known to cause acute encephalitis syndromes[11], [12]. Other viruses from the genus Vesiculovirus cause vesicular stomatitis (mucosal ulcers in the mouth) and “flu-like” syndromes in both cattle and humans [13].”
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Appendix D
·          
SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR WEST NILE VIRUS TRANSMISSION IN PUERTO RICO AND CUBA
Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland
Abstract
During the spring of 2004, approximately 1,950 blood specimens were collected from resident and Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds on the Caribbean islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba prior to northerly spring migrations. Eleven birds and seven birds, collected in Puerto Rico and Cuba, respectively, showed evidence of antibody in a flavivirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Confirmatory plaque-reduction neutralization test results indicated neutralizing antibodies to West Nile virus in non-migratory resident birds from Puerto Rico and Cuba, which indicated local transmission.
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Appendix E
Quick and dirty threat estimate for contagious disease .
Deader Ebola Guide .
13-Aug-14
Quick and dirty plateau estimate.
Definitions in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_principle
For arbitrary unit time t , Rnought cases flow in = Ks = Rnought
 . The infected ones .
The elimination rate Ke = v*Rnought , where v is virulence as rate . The ratio of infected ones that die . V=0.6 for Ebola .
Css=Rnought/(Rnought*v)
Css= 1/v
Cnought=Rnought by definition , and t=1 (ie only one tick at staedy state .
Ct=Cnought+(Css-Cnought)(1-e^(-Ke *t))   …. Where Ct is to be found for t=1
from wiki/Plateau . The general relation at steady state .
Lp=
Ct/Cnought= 1+(1/(v*Rnought)  - 1 )(1 - e^(-v*Rnought) )
Lp is ratio of living to initial population after a steadystate plateau has been reached .
Rnought
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number
Population level of living at plateau stage.







Lp
Rnought

v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
17
18
0.1
186%
173%
160%
149%
139%
130%
122%
66%
63%
0.2
173%
149%
130%
114%
100%
88%
78%
32%
30%
0.3
160%
130%
107%
88%
74%
63%
54%
20%
19%
0.4
149%
114%
88%
70%
57%
47%
40%
15%
14%
0.5
139%
100%
74%
57%
45%
37%
31%
12%
11%
0.6
130%
88%
63%
47%
37%
30%
25%
10%
9%
0.7
122%
78%
54%
40%
31%
25%
21%
8%
8%
0.8
114%
70%
47%
34%
26%
21%
18%
7%
7%
0.9
107%
63%
41%
30%
23%
19%
16%
7%
6%
1
100%
57%
37%
26%
21%
17%
14%
6%
6%










Population level of of dead at plateau stage







Dp
Rnought

v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
17
18
0.1
-86%
-73%
-60%
-49%
-39%
-30%
-22%
34%
37%
0.2
-73%
-49%
-30%
-14%
0%
12%
22%
68%
70%
0.3
-60%
-30%
-7%
12%
26%
37%
46%
80%
81%
0.4
-49%
-14%
12%
30%
43%
53%
60%
85%
86%
0.5
-39%
0%
26%
43%
55%
63%
69%
88%
89%
0.6
-30%
12%
37%
53%
63%
70%
75%
90%
91%
0.7
-22%
22%
46%
60%
69%
75%
79%
92%
92%
0.8
-14%
30%
53%
66%
74%
79%
82%
93%
93%
0.9
-7%
37%
59%
70%
77%
81%
84%
93%
94%
1
0%
43%
63%
74%
79%
83%
86%
94%
94%










http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_disease_case_fatality_rates
Disease
Transmission
R 0
R 0
v
Lp
THREAT
Airborne
12–18
18
0.03
136%

Airborne droplet
12–17
17
0.01
176%

Saliva
6–7
7
0.1
122%

Airborne droplet
5–7
7
0.3
54%
X
Fecal-oral route
5–7
7
0.05
155%

Airborne droplet
5–7
7
0.0005
199%

Airborne droplet
4–7
7
0.01
190%

HIV/AIDS
Sexual contact
2–5
5
0.9
23%
X
Airborne droplet
5
0.11
135%

Airborne droplet
3
0.025
189%



Bodily Fluids
1–4
4
0.6
47%
X




Cowabunga The origin

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Cowabunga!   The Origin.
14 Jan 2007
Andre Willers

The origin : Covadonga

Literally : Cova Domenica , latin for Cavern of our Lady .

The term seems to have originated as a battlecry , denoting delight in the forces of the right inflicting a defeat on the unrighteous against overwhelming odds .

The Battle of Covadonga refers .

By 721 AD , the only Visigoth resistance left against Muslim expansion in the Spanish peninsula was in the mountainous northern areas of Spain called Asturia . A local aristocrat called Pelagius ( Pelayo) managed to defeat them at the Battle of Covadonga . The Christian kingdom of Asturias resulted , later forming the core of the Kingdom of Castile . This was the start of the Christian reconquistada of Spain

Units of the Spanish army are still referenced by Covadonga .
Google together to see that the same sense remains .

Morphing :
The “V”  comes from Latin spelling , which had no separate character for the Germanic  “W”  sound .
Cova Domenica -> Covadonga ( a shift due to extremely reduced literacy and bureaucracy of an insignificant place after the collapse of the Roman empire )
Covadonga -> Covadunga ( the second is easier to pronounce aloud)
Covadunga -> Covabunga ( the second is easier to pronounce aloud)
Covabunga -> Cowabunga ( the second is easier to pronounce aloud for germanic speakers )

Past Significance :
As a marker in the turning of the tide in the Christian-Muslim conflict in Spain , it’s reputation grew in myth and legend , then dimmed in the ensuing tumultuous centuries as the Christian-Muslim conflict ebbed and Spanish influence waned .

It still has deep cultural roots in Spain and previous Spanish colonies .

Imagistics

Put yourself in the place of an inhabitant of the Iberian peninsula circa 720 AD . They were a post-collapse melange  composed of old Roman families (large landowners mostly ) like Pelagius , the recent Visigothic conquerors  and  the ex-latifunda slaves , all battling to survive and establish some equilibrium . All Christians of various persuasions .
As a fighting force , this mixture was not up to resisting the thrust and momentum of a century of Muslim conquest in Egypt and North Africa .

The Visigoth mounted horse attempted a defense under King Roderick , but was heavily defeated in 711 by an Arab expeditionary force . Light cavalry routed heavy cavalry when heavy cavalry are unsupported by fortresses and infantry ( something that happened with tedious regularity all over the remnants of the Roman Empire)

The Arabs rolled over Spain in a seemingly unstoppable wave .



At Covadonga the wave hit a rock .

The rock seems to have been a method of combining
1. the few remaining heavy cavalry (Visigoths) ,
2. the infantry (local farmers with shields , swords and spears dating back to great- grandfather’s  mustering out of the Roman legions )
3. and  most importantly  , the majority of the population . The ex-slaves .

To mobilise the ex-slaves , the Church was necessary . These people had been kept in subjugation mainly by “learned helplessness” conditioning . The Christian religion already had the tools ( seehttp://andreswhy.blogspot.com : “forgiveness is free , the last shall be first”)  to break this conditioning .

This was the crucial development for the next millennia . (It is still on-going)

An indication:
There is little hard evidence of the battle , not even the date . But one  bit that survived was that “God turned the arrows around in mid-flight and turned them back against them.”
We can surmise that the Christian infantry and archers stood firm on the defensive . The Arabs then attacked in waves of mounted archers . The standard tactic was to exhaust the defenders’ supply of arrows (remember , the Arabs were a professional force with huge supplies , while the defenders were a bunch of yokels ) until the defenders had no distance-weapons left . Then a swift charge on the weakest point settled matters . 

However , the normally indifferent bottom-of-social heap went into the no-man’s land to pick up arrows and give them to the defenders . Hence the “turned-around arrows” .

This was unheard of . Slaves were slaves , conditioned into it . The rebellious ones had been culled long ago . Large numbers of slaves could not fight effectively , even if commanded to .

The “Learned-helplessness” conditioning is a true neural-level , nuts-and-bolts level conditioning .

The only way to break it is at a self-consciousness level

 ( see http://andreswhy.blogspot.com : “The Religious Experience and Proximal rewards” )



This battle was very closely studied and copied all over Europe .

The military ecology paradigm shift .

To reiterate , Covadonga was a combination of defensive , offensive and unfriendly military ecology .

The military ecology was new . No previous civilizations had the technology to break the learned-helplessness conditioning , as well as the will .

Total war was born .

This same recipe was followed in the Reconquistada and in Spanish territories in South America .

This meme propagated via Martel and Holy Roman empire to the rest of Europe .

It is interesting to note that slavery is incompatible with this meme .

Indeed , the meme that Christians may not own Christian slaves , whereas Muslims were allowed to own Muslim slaves led to the historic reductio-ad-absurdems of general-franchise England and all-slaves-except-Sultan Ottomans . The battlefield results are known as well .

At last! A Proximal reward reason why general slavery was not re-established in Europe .

The mobilization of the Christian Church as an essential part in the military paradigm would obviously lead to purely military considerations of the role of the Vatican . However , this would conflict with basic Christian assumptions . This would lead to internal roiling . As usual , a merry time is had by all .

The Crusades , the mass production of spectacles , printing , protestantism , the age of reason , nationalism , democracy , capitalism , communism are all only possible because of the paradigm established at  Covadonga .


It is interesting that Cowabunga should resurface from the cultural collective-mind at a similar time as a steep escalation of the Christian-Muslim conflict . Whether it is a natural or engineered process , more of a similar nature can be expected .

Not bad , Pelagius .

Your paradigm of deconditioning learned-helplessness has not only changed the preceding millennia , but will change the succeeding ones as well .

It has changed human history .

Pelagius , I salute you .

Andre Willers
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HeliDropCash and Happiness

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HeliDropCash and Happiness


Andre Willers
27 Aug 2014
“If I were a rich man…”   Fiddler on the Roof .
Synopsis:
How rich must a society be to give every citizen a full life ? For USA an annual income per person of $30 766 will do it . So it can be done .

Discussion :
0.Dish out cash to the consumer directly .
 
1.We use Optimal Reserves (1/3) as developed in Infinite Probes and Maslow Hierarchies to determine reserves .
This is compared to some actual figures for the US (see Appendix B)
See Appendix A and Appendix B

 
2.There is always a surplus of about 13% !
This means that there is continual upward pressure to move up classes .
The surplus pops up as charity , benevolence , subsidies , etc .
 
3. A fraction of society can choose to forebear further development and use the saved resources for upliftment of less fortunate .
There is no optimal for this .
Use method in Appendix A to determine ad hoc ratios .
 
4. From the US data , the system seems under some stress . The various higher classes are not fully populated . .
The poverty level is $11 670pa .
From Appendix A , the Ratio = (1-0.13)/(0.33)
                                              = 2.6363
US$11 670 pa translates into $30 766 for full realization of Maslow Hierarchies .
USA GDP per capita (2014) = $52 804.66
Taxes :

Total tax percentage potentially paid by the well above average US citizen, 2005 - 53.2% *
Total tax percentage potentially paid by the well above average US citizen, 2013 est. - 58.5% *

The US can fully afford HeliDropCash if their existing resources are sensibly applied .
 
5.Globally :
$1.25 per day . Ratio up by 2.6363 gives $3.2953 per day  , or $1202.81 per annum .
For 7 Billion people this gives about $8.419 Trillion .
World GDP 2013 about $74.899 trillion .
About 11% of Global GDP can buy happiness for everybody .
 
6. The Future :
Most societies are already rich enough to enable happy lives for all their citizens .
Yet huge discrepancies lead to enormous pressures building up .
Revolutions are becoming a dime a dozen .
 
Crank up that old phonograph and dance the RPM’s away .
Don’t spend a penny . Spend 2.6363 pennies !
Happiness version 2.6363
Andre
 
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Appendix A
Calculation of expected Class spread as per Maslow hierarchy .
HeliDropCash
Andre Willers
27-Aug-14
Estimate of Reserves needed for a Society to give everything free to any member .
We use Infinite Probes and Maslow Hierarchy to get an estimate .
Maslow
Description
Cost of
Cumulative
Remainder
Class USA
Actual %
+ Adj =
Cost of
Interpretation
Level
Reserve
Cost
2004
Reserve
100
Lower only gets 85% of optimal reserves ~(2-(51-13)/33)
0
Body
33
33
67
Lower
25
8
33
34-8=26 swells Lower to 25+26=51
1
Safety
22
56
44
Working
30
-8
22
26+8=34 drop to Lower
2
Social
15
70
30
Middle
30
-15
15
11+15 =26 drop to Working
3
Esteem
10
80
20
Rich
15
-5
10
6+5=11 drop to middle
4
Self-Actualization
7
87
13
SuperRich
1
6
7
6 drop to Rich : exclusion
This last is
a Surplus
See Interpretation
Formulae:
Cost of Reserve
2^m/(3^(m+1) )
Sum of Costs
(  3^(m+1) - 2^(m+1) ) / (3^(m+1) )
Sum to infinity = 1
Remainder
(2/3)^m
where m=Maslow level as above .
The 1/3 factor is from the argument in Infinite Probes on optimal reserves .


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Appendix B

The following are reported income-, education-, and occupation-based terms for specific classes commonly used by sociologists.
Academic Class Models

William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005

Class
Typical characteristics
Class
Typical characteristics
Class
Typical characteristics

Capitalist class (1%)
Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common.
Upper class (1%)
Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common.
The super-rich (0.9%)
Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.

Upper middle class[1](15%)
Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy.
Upper middle class[1](15%)
Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000.
The Rich (5%)
Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.

Middle class (plurality/
majority?; ca. 46%)
College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.
Lower middle class (30%)
Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar.
Lower middle class (32%)
Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.

Working class (30%)
Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.
Working class (32%)
Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education.
Working class
(ca. 40–45%)
Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.
Working poor (13%)
Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.
Lower class (ca. 14–20%)
Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.
Underclass (12%)
Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education.
The poor (ca. 12%)
Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.

References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
1 The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Colins.



Potato zaps RLS

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Potato zaps Restless Leg Syndrome


Andre Willers
30 Aug 2014
“Potatoes are masters of Maskirovka”  … General картофель .
 
Synopsis:
Restless Leg Syndrome ameliorization by application of glycoalkaloids to regulate micro-ecology of skin- and other bacteria .
 
Discussion :
1.Fancy speak for how and why the old Potato-in-the-bed trick works .
An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria.[1] An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell. Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote process of membrane vesicle trafficking, which is quite active at the host-pathogen interface.

3. Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis: a physiological adapation

A dramatic example of rapid adaptation is the process of "chemotaxis", i.e. the ability to movetoward nutrients (positive chemotaxis) and away from noxious compounds (negative chemotaxis).
This is a valuable trait in bacteria, since it enages them to swim to sources of nutrients and away from toxic chemicals. 
Chemotactic responses are very rapid, they do not require active gene expression. 
How is it that bacteria move directionally?  One way that some types of bacteria move involves organelles known as flagella. 
These are rotary motors powered by ion gradients across the plasma membrane.  This motor drives a helical propeller.  The basic motor can rotate in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise wise direction.







Because their three dimensional structure, when the flagellum rotates in one direction (counterclockwise), the bacteria moves forward; when rotating in the opposite direction, the bacteria tumbles.
Tumbling allows the bacteria to change direction.  When the motor switches back to the counter clockwise direction, the bacteria swims off in a new direction. 
The ability to control chemotaxis involves controlling the probability that the motor will switch its direction of rotation. 
In bacteria, motor rotation switching is controlled by a receptor system that senses changing concentrations of attractants (inhibiting switch) and repellants (induce switching).



There are two possible ways to do this. One would be to measure the difference in concentration between the two ends of the bacterium. This is difficult, since the bacteria is very small (1-2 um long) and the differences in concentration between two points separated by 1-2 um is very small (perhaps we could calculate this?)  
An alternative approach is to measure the concentration around the bacteria as a function of time.  If it is increasing, the bacteria is moving toward the source of the chemical; if it is decreasing, it is moving away from thge source. 
4. Thus, chemotaxis provides an important mechanism for establishing the high local cell densities required for quorum-dependent interactions.

5.They all sit and watch each other :
Interspecies quorum sensing is a way bacteria in a community can determine how many of their own and other species are in an area. Bacteria secrete these molecules, which increase in proportion to cell number. Once the molecule hits a certain concentration it triggers the transcription of certain genes such as virulence factors. It has been discovered that bacteria can not only interact via quorum sensing with members of their own species but that there is a kind of universal molecule that allows them to gather information about other species as well.[1] This universal molecule is called autoinducer 2 or AI-2.[1]

6. The Treatment:
Putting it all together :
6.1Chemotaxis induces the urge to move .
6.2 Clothing and bedding harbours bacteria , viruses and fungi that the body sees as threats .
6.3These threats are communicated via exotoxins and endotoxins in the bioaerosol .
6.4 Diurnal rhythm : at night , switches on because of higher risk .
6.5 Learned Helplessness :
If the system perceives threats from all directions , but no gradients in concentration over time or direction , it moves at random .
Prolonged exposure to this sort of stimulus will surface as various disorders in the brain (eg Parkinsons , akathisia , some forms of dementia , etc) .
Neuronal Networks weights get randomized by such stimuli .
 
7. This suggests some treatments :
7.1 Bacterial Maskirovka . (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskirovka)
The potato has a potent arsenal of pesticides (glycoalkaloids) (See Appendix A) that can be used to create artificial gradients in threat signals . Most are in the potato skin , so only the peel is really needed .
Soap will work as well . Anything that disturbs the threat picture .
7.2 The potato must be somewhere accessible to airborne particles (bioaerosols) .
Porous materials are no barrier . Carry the peels in your pocket in a porous plaster .

7.3 A fan will have an effect .

7.4 The potato peels will obviously become exhausted after a while and need replacement . The time will depend on the poison concentrations in the potato .
7.5 Electronic tumbling of the bacteria (see how chemotaxis works above) using swirling magnetic fields . Something like APStherapy machines (http://www.apstherapy.com/)
Potato works for certain types of cancer cells (warts) . It can work better if combined with swirling magnetic fields .
 
7.6 Numerous approaches suggest themselves .
Patches , baths , showers , ointments , radiation , etc, etc .
 
8.Caution :
The idea is to disrupt or steer threat patterns by manipulating poisons , not to kill off the patient .
Potato : Glycoalkaloids are strong cell disruptors and neurotoxins . More is not better here .
 
9.Other disorders may be helped by this approach .
Akathisia , urinal tract infections , SIBO , leaky guts , swollen legs caused by cellulitis , cellulitis . it’s little sister cellulite (the potato goes OUTSIDE , not inside! ) , etc.
 
10. Aphrodisiac .
Hunt the wily wandering potato under the covers .
 
A spud for all occasions .
Regards ,
Andre

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Appendix A
How Deadly Are Nightshades?
Nightshades have a reputation as bad actors in a variety of chronic conditions, such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, and IBS. But what do we really know about how these foods affect our health?
Meet the Nightshade (Solanaceae) Family: 
·         Tomatoes
·         Eggplant
·         Potatoes
·         Goji Berries
·         Tobacco
·         Peppers (bell peppers, chili peppers, paprika, tamales, tomatillos, pimentos, cayenne, etc) 
At first glance, the nightshades may look like a random collection of foods that couldn’t possibly be related.  However, every nightshade plant produces fruits that all sport that same adorable little green elfish hat.  Of the foods above, only tomatoes, eggplants, goji berries and peppers are “fruits” (the potato is a tuber and tobacco is a leaf).  The fruits of potato and tobacco plants wear the same telltale hat, but we don’t eat the fruits of those plants. 
Nightshades of all types were considered inedible prior to the 1800’s, because some varieties, such as “deadly nightshade” (atropa belladonna) were known to be so toxic.  However, today most Americans eat “edible” nightshades every day in the form of French fries, mashed potatoes, salsa, spaghetti sauce, ketchup, and many other popular foods.
What are glycoalkaloids?
Glycoalkaloids are natural pesticides produced by nightshade plants.  [They are also present in small amounts in a few non-nightshades:  cherries, apples, and sugar beets.]  Glycoalkaloids are bitter compounds which are found throughout the plant, but especially in leaves, flowers, and unripe fruits.  They defend the plants against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects.  How do these chemicals kill pests?
Glycoalkaloids bind strongly to the cholesterol in the cell membranes of predators, disrupting the structure of their membranes, and causing their cells to leak or burst open upon contact—acting like invisible hand grenades.
Glycoalkaloids have another powerful trick up their sleeves—they also act as neurotoxins, by blocking the enzyme cholinesterase.  This enzyme is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine, a vital neurotransmitter that carries signals between nerve cells and muscle cells.  When the enzyme is blocked, acetylcholine can accumulate and electrically overstimulate the predator’s muscle cells.  This can lead to paralysis, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and death.  Military “nerve gases” work exactly the same way.
Ok, so glycoalkaloids are clearly nightmarish compounds for tiny creatures daring to storm the nightshade’s citadel, but how much do we know about their effects on human health?
Proposed glycoalkaloid health benefits
Health benefits?  From a pesticide?  Hmmm…
Glycoalkaloids are structurally similar to glucocorticoids, such as our body’s stress hormone, cortisol.  Cortisol has many roles in the body, one of which is to reduce inflammation.  Therefore, perhaps it is not so surprising that glycoalkaloids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory studies of animals.
It should also not be surprising that glycoalkaloids have been shown in laboratory studies to possess antibiotic and antiviral properties, since this is what nature designed them for.
In laboratory (in vitro) studies, glycoalkaloids can trigger cancer cells to self-destruct.  This process is called “apoptosis.”  Unfortunately, they can also cause healthy non-cancerous cells to do the same thing.  Cancer studies in live animals and humans (in vivo) have not yet been conducted.
“…the undifferentiating destruction of both cancer and noncancerous cell lines…leads to questions of therapeutic uses of glycoalkaloids due to safety considerations. However, it is difficult to translate the results of an in vivo trial in vitro. Therefore, both animal and human experiments are essential to confirm or disprove the in vivo data observed in these studies.”  [Milner 2011].
The other side of the sword: 
Research has shown that glycoalkaloids can burst open the membranes of red blood cells and mitochondria (our cells’ energy generators).
Some scientists have wondered whether glycoalkaloids could be one potential cause for “leaky gut” syndromes due to their ability to poke holes in cells:
“…glycoalkaloids, normally available while eating potatoes, embed themselves and disrupt epithelial barrier integrity in a dose-dependent fashion in both cell culture models and in sheets of mammalian intestine…animals with the genetic predisposition to develop IBD, demonstrated a greater degree of small intestinal epithelial barrier disruption and inflammation when their epithelium was exposed to the potato glycoalkaloids chaconine and solanine.”
Glycoalkaloids are also known to cause birth defects in laboratory animals.
Fruits vs vegetables:  here we go again!
Those of you who are familiar with my philosophy about plant foods know that I believe vegetables are far less trustworthy when it comes to health effects than edible fruits, and nightshades make this point nicely.  The only nightshade vegetable humans eat is the potato; the rest of the nightshades (other than tobacco, which is smoked, not eaten) are fruits, because they contain seeds—eggplant, tomatoes, goji and peppers.  As you will see below, even though fruits contain glycoalkaloids, they are far less likely to harm us. [To watch my Ancestral Health Symposium video about vegetables vs. fruits, click HERE.]
Potato glycoalkaloids 
Nightshade potatoes include all potatoes except for sweet potatoes and yams.
Potatoes make two glycoalkaloids:  alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine.  These are the most toxic glycoalkaloids found in the edible nightshade family.  Alpha-chaconine is actually more potent than alpha-solanine, but solanine has been studied much more thoroughly, and is therefore more familiar.
Most of us do not associate potatoes with illness, probably because the amount of glycoalkaloid most of us eat every day is not very high.  There are numerous cases of livestock deaths from eating raw potatoes, potato berries, and potato leaves, but people do not eat these things.  However, there are well-documented reports of people getting glycoalkaloid poisoning from potatoes, typically from eating improperly stored, green, or sprouting potatoes.  At low doses, humans can experience gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting and diarrhea.  At higher doses, much more serious symptoms can occur, including fever, low blood pressure, confusion, and other neurological problems.  At very high doses, glycoalkaloids are fatal.
Another reason why many people may not be bothered by potatoes is that glycoalkaloids are very poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, so, if you have a healthy digestive tract, most of the glycoalkaloid won’t make it into your bloodstream.  However, if you eat potatoes every day, levels can build up over time and accumulate in the body’s tissues and organs, because it takes many days for them to be cleared.  Also, since glycoalkaloids have the ability to burst cells open, they can theoretically cause damage to the cells that line your digestive system as they are passing through (this has been proven in animal studies but there are no human studies, to my knowledge).
Due to known toxicity, the FDA limits the glycoalkaloid content in potatoes to a maximum of 200 mg/kg potatoes (91 mg per pound).  Human studies show that doses as low as 1 mg glycoalkaloid per kg body weight can be toxic, and that doses as low as 3 mg/kg can be fatal.  This means that, if you weigh 150 lbs, then doses as low as 68 mg could be toxic, and doses as low as 202 mg could be fatal.
Potato processing 101 
The vast majority of glycoalkaloid is in the potato skin, so peeling will remove virtually all of it.  Glycoalkaloid levels can be dangerously high in unripe and sprouting potatoes; any greenish areas or “eyes” should be removed or avoided.
Glycoalkaloids survive most types of cooking and processing.  In fact, deep frying will increase levels if the oil isn’t changed frequently, so fried products such as potato skins and french fries can contain relatively high amounts:
“Mechanical damage to potato tissue increases the concentration of glycoalkaloids available for consumption. In addition, frying potatoes at high temperatures does not inactivate but instead serves to preserve and concentrate glycoalkaloids within the potato, leaving them available for ingestion and delivery to the intestine…” [Patel 2002]
·         Boiling—reduces glycoalkaloids by a few percentage points
·         Microwaving—reduces glycoalkaloids by 15%
·         Deep frying at 150C (300F)—no effect (McDonald’s uses 340F degree oil)
·         Deep frying at 210C (410F)—reduces glycoalkaloid content by 40%
Glycoalkaloid levels of a few prepared potato products are available [Milner 2006]:
·         Potato chips, 1 oz bag:   0.36 to 0.88 mg chaconine and 0.29 to 1.4 mg solanine. Total glycoalkaloid concentration ranges from 2.7 to 12.4 mg per bag.
·         Fried potato skins, 4 oz:   4.4 to 13.6 mg chaconine and 2.0 to 9.5 mg solanine.  Total glycoalkaloid concentration ranges from 6.4 to 23.1 mg per 4 oz serving.
Tomato glycoalkaloids
Tomato nightshades include all types of tomatoes:  cherry tomatoes, green tomatoes, yellow tomatoes and ripe red tomatoes.
Tomatoes produce two glycoalkaloids:  alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine.  The majority is in the form of alpha-tomatine, so we’ll focus on that one here.
As tomatoes ripen, alpha-tomatine levels drop dramatically, from about 500 mg/kg in green tomatoes to about 5 mg/kg in ripe red tomatoes, or 2.3 mg/lb.  [For those of you keeping score at home—that’s Fruits: 1, Veggies: 0.] Artificially ripened fruits may contain higher amounts than sun-ripened fruits.
Tomato glycoalkaloids are about 20 times less toxic than potato glycoalkaloids. (Fruits: 2, Veggies: 0).  There are no dosage studies of tomatine in humans, but studies in mice tell us that 500 mg tomatine per 1 kg body weight (or 227 mg per pound) is the median lethal dose (“LD50”).  This doesn’t tell us how much it would take to kill a 150 lb person; all we know is that it would take 34 grams of tomatine to kill a 150 pound mouse.  Since ripe tomatoes contain 5 mg/kg or 2.3 mg/lb of tomatine, it would take nearly 15,000 pounds of tomatoes to kill this Mighty Mouse (probably many fewer pounds if you were to simply hurl them in his general direction from across the room).  Since green tomatoes contain 100 times more tomatine, it would only take 150 pounds of green tomatoes to kill the overgrown rodent.  We do not understand the effect of low doses of tomatine on any type of animal, including humans, over time.
Eggplant
Centuries ago, the common eggplant was referred to as “mad apple” due to belief that eating it regularly would cause mental illness.  Eggplants produce two glycoalkaloids:  alpha-solamargine and alpha-solasonine.  Solamargine is more potent than solasonine.
Whereas potato glycoalkaloids are located mainly in the skin, in eggplants, glycoalkaloids are found primarily within the seeds and flesh; the peel contains negligible amounts.
The common eggplant (solanum melongena) contains 10-20 mg of glycoalkaloid per kg (or 4.5 to 9 mg per pound of eggplant).  Eggplant glycoalkaloids are considered relatively nontoxic compared to potato glycoalkaloids (Fruits: 3, Veggies: 0).
The median lethal dose (LD50) in rodents is 1.75 mg/kg.  This means that it would take at least 13 pounds of eggplant to kill a 150 lb monster mouse.  [Note to self—when facing a giant rodent in a dark alley, go for the eggplants, not the tomatoes].
What about peppers and goji berries? 
Your guess is as good as mine…I could not locate any scientific information about glycoalkaloids in these foods.  Peppers, because they are fruits and because they are in a different subfamily than the rest of the nightshade foods, may contain much less glycoalkaloid?  Or none at all?  Peppers are famous for containing hot and spicy “capsaicinoids”, not glycoalkaloids (I’ll write about peppers and capsaicinoids in a future article).
Nightshades and Nicotine 
Nightshade foods also contain small amounts of nicotine, especially when unripe.  Nicotine is much higher in tobacco leaves, of course.  Scientists think that nicotine is a natural plant pesticide, although it is unclear exactly how it works to protect plants from invaders. The amount of nicotine in ripe nightshade foods ranges from 2 to 7 micrograms per kg of food. Nicotine is heat-stable, therefore, it is found in prepared foods such as ketchup and French fries.  The health effects of these small doses is not known, but some scientists wonder whether the nicotine content of these foods is why some people describe feeling addicted to them.
Do you have nightshade sensitivity? 
As with any food sensitivity, the only way to find out is to remove nightshades from your diet for a couple of weeks or so to see if you feel better.  There are ZERO scientific articles about nightshade sensitivity, chronic pain, or arthritis in the literature, however, the internet is full of anecdotal reports of people who have found that nightshades aggravate arthritis, fibromyalgia, or other chronic pain syndromes.  I personally am very sensitive to nightshades; they cause me a variety of symptoms, most notably heartburn, difficulty concentrating, pounding heart, muscle/nerve/joint pain, and profound insomnia.  Everyone is different, so as always, you’ll need to discover for yourself whether these foods may pose problems for your individual chemistry.  However, given what we know about nightshade chemicals, common sense tells us that these foods are well worth exploring as potential culprits in pain syndromes, gastrointestinal syndromes, and neurologic/psychiatric symptoms.
REFERENCES 
Friedman M. Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet. J Agric Food Chem2002; 50:5751-5780.  UDSA, Albany California.
Hansen AA.  Two fatal cases of potato poisoning.  Science 1925; 61(1578): 340-341.
Korpan YI et al.  Potato glycoalkaloids: true safety or false sense of security?  Trends in Biotechnology 2004; 22(3): 147-151. 
McMillan M and Thompson JC.  An outbreak of suspected solanine poisoning in schoolboys: examinations of criteria of solanine poisoning.  Q J Med 1979; 48(190): 227-243. 
Mensinga TT et al.  Potato glycoalkaloids and adverse effects in humans: an ascending dose study. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2005;41: 66-72.  University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Milner SE et al.  Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59: 3454–3484. University College, Cork Ireland.
Patel B et al.  Potato glycoalkaloids adversely affect intestinal permeability and aggravate inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2002; 8 (5): 340-346.
Sanchez-Mata MC et al.  r-Solasonine and r-Solamargine Contents of Gboma (Solanum macrocarpon L.) and Scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum L.) Eggplants J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58: 5502–5508.
Siegmund B et al.  Determination of the nicotine content of various edible nightshades (Solanaceae) and their products and estimation of the associated dietary nicotine intake.  J Agric Food Chem 1999;47: 3113−3120.
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Appendix B
SIBO
The study, which was published in the journal Movement Disorders, found that sufferers of Parkinson’s disease had a higher prevalence of a condition called small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, or SIBO.
In SIBO, normally harmless bacteria proliferate in large numbers in the small intestine.
Symptoms include excess gas, abdominal bloating, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Nobody is sure how many people have it,  as it often goes undiagnosed or  is confused with irritable bowel syndrome, but estimates are of  up to 300,000 British sufferers.
And the researchers suggest that the bacteria may produce chemicals that affect the nerves in the gut, which pass on the damage to the brain – and result in Parkinson’s and MS.
Dr Emmanuel said: ‘We now think that neurological diseases such as MS and Parkinson’s are linked to the gut being more  leaky, permitting pathogens into the bloodstream and causing  an antibody response. Either  the pathogens, directly, or the immune response, indirectly, may damage nerve tissue.’
The damaged nerves then transmit these detrimental signals to the brain.
Rumbly tummy: The 'butterflies in the stomach' feeling could be linked to Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis
In Parkinson’s, a small part of the brain becomes progressively damaged over many years, something that affects mainly older people. MS is the most common neurological disease in young adults and occurs when the immune system attacks the nervous system.
The two diseases affect about 100,000 and 127,00 people in the UK respectively. Both have wide-ranging symptoms, affecting movement as well as causing tiredness, pain and depression. There are drugs that can ease symptoms, but no cure or even treatments that significantly slow down progression of the diseases.
Scientists hope that this discovery will pave the way for new treatments for both these disabling conditions.
They are now mapping the ‘bacterial genome’, which will identify the bacteria in an individual’s gut – something they hope will ultimately allow doctors to prescribe tailored treatments for leakiness of the gut, improving neurological symptoms in turn.
Until then, the doctors’ body United European Gastroenterology urges people to maintain a healthy diet, including foods that boost good bacteria and encourage efficient digestion. This may have an especially positive effect on mood disorders such as anxiety and depression.
They recommend eating plenty of fibre and probiotics such as live yogurt, as well as limiting sugar, processed foods, animal fat and the use of antibiotics, antacids and anti-inflammatories, as these cause imbalances in the gut.


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Appendix C
Motion to Form a Quorum
Sungsu Park,1 Peter M. Wolanin,2 Emil A. Yuzbashyan,1
Pascal Silberzan,3 Jeffry B. Stock,2* Robert H. Austin1
Bacterial gene expression is frequently regulated
by small molecules secreted into the
surrounding medium. These autoinducers
build up with increasing cell number until a
critical population density or “quorum” is
achieved, at which point the cells produce a
response such as virulence or biofilm formation
that requires the coordinated activity of
large numbers of individuals. It has generally
been assumed that quorum formation derives
primarily from conditions favorable for
growth to high cell density (1).
Numerous studies have shown that motility
promotes biofilm formation, but this
dependence has been attributed to random
transport of cells from
the bulk medium to
a surface (2). Such
experiments have
been conducted with
smooth surfaces that
have no preferred surface
sites or flow
chambers where gradients
of attractant
chemicals will be dispersed.
Here we show
that, given appropriate
surface topologies,
bacteria can use chemotaxis
to associate
and form a quorum.
Thus, chemotaxis provides
an important
mechanism for establishing
the high local cell densities required
for quorum-dependent interactions.
A culture of Escherichia coli grown to moderate
density (approximately 2 _ 108 cells/ml) in
either rich media or in minimal media was used
to uniformly fill a microfluidic chamber (7 mm
by 3 mm by 30 _m) with a small central enclosure
(250 _m by 250 _m) constructed from
silicone elastomer. Over the course of 1 to 3
hours (depending on the media), the cells migrate
from the chamber into the central enclosure
through a narrow (40 _m) channel (Fig. 1A).
This behavior is not observed with a mutant
strain that is motile but deficient in chemotaxis.
Cells accumulate in the enclosure because
they are attracted to each other due to their
secretion of amino acids, such as glycine, that
are chemoattractants. We detected this secretion
by analysis of the free amino acid content of the
growth media over time. The serine receptor,
Tsr, is the most abundant chemotaxis receptor in
E. coli, whereas the aspartate receptor, Tar, is
also present at relatively high levels (3). The
redox-sensing aerotaxis receptor, Aer, is present
at low levels but still effectively modulates chemotaxis.
Tsr binds L-serine with the highest
affinity, but it also binds L-alanine, L-cysteine,
and glycine (4). Whereas strains with tsr deleted
were unable to accumulate in the enclosure, tar
or aer deletion had little or no effect. Moreover,
addition of saturating levels of L-serine (0.5
mM), which effectively competes with glycine,
completely blocked accumulation of wild-type
cells. Saturating concentrations of L-aspartate
had no effect. The particular amino acid that is
most important in mediating self attraction
seems to depend on the conditions of growth
before nutrient depletion. It has previously been
shown that E. coli grown in succinate secrete
aspartate, which acts through Tar to cause cells
to associate into dense colonies in soft agar (5).
Chemotaxis has generally been considered as a
mechanism for cell dispersal. In nutrient-depleted
environments, however, the cells themselves
become sources of attractant molecules. Movement
toward the amino acids secreted by the
cells is enhanced by the ability of the chemotaxis
system to adjust its sensitivity so that it can
respond to very low concentrations of attractant
chemicals (6). Accumulation of a high local
density of cells may offer advantages such as
enhanced genetic exchange or communal degradation
of antibiotics, as well as the enabling of
quorum-dependent behaviors.
The sites at which cells accumulate depend
on the geometry of their surroundings. Results
with cells in percolated lattices formed from silicone
elastomer indicate that E. coli tend to accumulate
in any areas of these mazes where the
geometry provides a sufficiently enclosed space,
such as dead ends and cul-de-sacs. Self-attractive
behavior in chemotaxis has been modeled using
the Keller-Segel equations (7). Our analysis of
these equations indicates that for a small volume
connected by a small opening to a large volume,
such as our enclosure within a relatively large
microfluidic chamber (Fig. 1A) or the dead ends
in a maze (Fig. 1B), random fluctuations in cell
number that cause an increase in the density of
bacteria inside the small volume can increase irreversibly
to produce a dense accumulation of cells.
Our results suggest that self attraction could
readily produce local cell densities that exceed
the threshold necessary for quorum-dependent
processes. This notion was supported by the observation
that, after coming together within the
chamber, wild-type E. coli tended to exhibit a
further association to form dense granular aggregates.
A proposed E. coli quorum sensing signal,
AI-2, is produced by the LuxS enzyme (8). A
strain with luxS deleted accumulated into the
enclosure just like wild type, but was never observed
to form dense aggregates. Vibrio harveyi,
a highly motile marine bacterium, exhibits a similar
tendency to accumulate in confined spaces.
These cells produce light in regions of high population
density (Fig. 1, B and C). This bioluminescence,
which is one of the most well-studied
of quorum-dependent responses (8), confirms
that chemotaxis-mediated associations facilitated
by closed geometries can lead to activation of
quorum sensing–dependent genes and their associated
behaviors.
References and Notes
1. S. Swift et al., Adv. Microb. Physiol. 45, 199 (2001).
2. J. W. McClaine, R. M. Ford, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 78,
179 (2002).
3. S. Clarke, D. E. Koshland Jr., J. Biol. Chem. 254, 9695
(1979).
4. J. Adler, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44, 341 (1975).
5. E. O. Budrene, H. C. Berg, Nature 376, 49 (1995).
6. J. E. Segall, S. M. Block, H. C. Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. U.S.A. 83, 8987 (1986).
7. M. P. Brenner, L. S. Levitov, E. O. Budrene, Biophys. J.
74, 1677 (1998).
8. M. G. Surette, M. B. Miller, B. L. Bassler, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 1639 (1999).
9. Materials and Methods are available as supporting
online material on Science Online.
10. We thank E. C. Cox for insightful comments on the
manuscript; J. S. Parkinson for strains RP437, RP2361,
RP5700, and UU1117, and for helpful advice; H. C. Berg
for strain HCB317 and for comments and advice; and B.
Bassler for strains BB120 and BB170 and for the gift of
AI-2 produced in vitro. We also gratefully acknowledge
M. Taga and K. Xavier for advice and assistance; N. C.
Darnton, P. Silberzan, H. Lin, and C. Gabel for discussions;
W. Austin for technical assistance; and J. Chen for
swarm plate assays. Supported by grants from DARPA
(MDA972-00-1-0031), NIH (R01 HG001506 and F32
GM064228 to P.M.W.), and the State of New Jersey
(NJCST 99-100-082-2042-007).
Supporting Online Material
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5630/188/
DC1
Materials and Methods
References
28 October 2002; accepted 16 April 2003
1Department of Physics, 2Department of Molecular
Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544,
USA. 3Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email:
jstock@princeton.edu
Fig. 1. E. coli and V. harveyi accumulation and quorum sensing. (A) Epifluorescence
images of green fluorescent protein (GFP)–labeled E. coli in M9 minimal
media as they accumulate into a central 250 _m by 250 _m enclosure via a
40-_m-wide channel through 100-_m-wide walls. After 3 hours the density of
cells is more than seven times greater inside than outside. The rectangles are
silicone pillars that support the roof of the chamber. (B) Dark-field image of V.
harveyi after 8 hours in the maze. The narrowest passages are 100 _m wide.
Lines corresponding to the walls of the maze are overlaid for clarity. (C)
Photon-counting image of the intrinsic luminescence, indicating active quorum
sensing in areas where the cells have accumulated at high density (9).
B R E V I A
188 11 JULY 2003 VOL 301 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
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The Mercenary Patriot

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The Mercenary Patriot


Andre Willers
31 Aug 2014
Synopsis:
Civil conflict , overt or covert , is a precondition for the existence of the Mercenary Patriot .
 
Discussion :
1.Definitions :
1.1 See Appendix A
Note that a person is either a mercenary or a patriot under normal conditions of a unitary , consensus state .
The two are mutually exclusive .
1.2 If there is serious civil disagreement , you can have Patriot(1) , Patriot(2) , … ,
Although they might label each other traitor or foreigner .

1.3 Mercenary remains unitary to himself .
1.4 Thus , Mercenary Patriot(1)  ,  Mercenary Patriot(2) , etc can exist , all sincerely believing they are patriots even while they are destroying their country .
 
1.5 There is no size of numbers qualification .
One person can declare himself Patriot(n+1) open to contract work .
A Mercenary Patriot(n+1) hangs up his shingle .
 
2. The Disaster of combining Mercenary and Patriotic :
Mercenary and Patriotic armies in pure forms have done most of the fighting in history .
2.1 After combining the mercenary usually corrupts the patriot .
A telling example :
“By 1907 Redl had become head of the counter-intelligence branch of the Intelligence Bureau. Promoted to the rank of colonel, Redl greatly improved the methods used by the Austro-Hungarian counter-espionage service,
At the same time he was the Russians’ chief spy .
“Redl was paid well by the Tsarist government for his services,
“his actions were responsible for the deaths of half a million of his countrymen.[6]
 
“Assessment
Historians of the Habsburg Empire, as well as espionage historians such as CIA's Allen Dulles and Soviet General Mikhail Milstein, agree in calling Redl an arch-traitor.[9]
In the political post-mortem one Hungarian newspaper noted that "the Redl affair cannot be seen as a private matter. Redl is not an individual but a system. Whilst soldiers elsewhere are taught to love their homelands, lack of patriotism is held to be the greatest military virtue in this unfortunate monarchy. With us military education culminates in all national feeling being driven out of our soldiers... In the Redl affair this spirit has had its revenge. The Austrian and the Hungarian soldiers possess no fatherland; they only have a war lord."
 
2.2 Civil War
The Mercenary meme corrupt patriots into various flavors of patriots .
Present examples are Edward Snowden or any employee who feels justified to sell confidential information “for the good of the country” .
This rapidly escalates . See


2.3 Significant armed forces gravitate to the Private Sector (Contractors)
See Appendix B for the largest US force under unified command outside political control .
Other states show the same tendency .
The Government police and security forces move to the private sector for better pay .
This reduces law enforcement , which leads to more crime .
Politicians don’t want to raise taxes to pay for more police , so more private security is employed at ever higher salaries .
You can see where this goes .
You end up with a small , weak badly trained police and a large , well trained and effective private security apparatus .
Like South Africa .
 
2.4 Justice .
The same thing . Private Judges (Arbiters) , Imams , Pastors , etc settle disputes quickly and cheaply .

3. The State has lost control of the monopoly on armed force .
 
4. Mercenary Patriots are forerunners of Revolutionary storms to come .
 
Windily yours

Andre
 
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Appendix A
Definitions :

Mercenary
A professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army.
synonyms:
soldier of fortune, professional soldier, hired soldier, gunman;
informalhired gun
historicalcondottiere


Patriot
A person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors.
synonyms:
chauvinist, jingoist, flag-waver



What's the difference between a patriot, and a mercenary? Both are fighting for the same cause. On the outside, they look identical. But there's a huge difference on the inside. The patriot is giving all of himself to fight for something he deems more important than his personal comfort. The mercenary is fighting in order to win some personal comfort. He's fighting for whatever the offered 'prize' is, and if the effort exceeds what he deems the prize is worth, he's out of there. 

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Appendix B
Biggest Military contractor in the USA is Constellis Holdings .

From the press release (I separated text to show the bosses more clearly ) :

Constellis Holdings, Inc. Acquires Constellis Group, Inc.
RESTON, Va. (June 6, 2014)—Constellis Holdings, Inc. has agreed to acquire Constellis Group, Inc., a leading provider of security, support and advisory services to government, multinational corporations and international organizations operating in challenging environments around the world. Constellis Holdings was formed by the founders of Triple Canopy and the private equity investors who formed ACADEMI.
Operating under the oversight of a distinguished Board and an experienced management team, the combination of these companies will enable a significant expansion of services within the global security market, delivering mission support, integrated security solutions, training and advisory services at home and abroad.
“This move allows us to create a suite of services to better provide critical support capabilities for government and commercial clients and will utilize ACADEMI’s world-class training facility, the largest and most comprehensive private training center in the U.S.” said
 
The Bosses :
Jason DeYonker, Managing Director of Constellis Holdings, Inc.   

Constellis Holdings’ Board of Directors includes:
Red McCombs (Chairman),
former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft,
former White House Chief Counsel Jack Quinn,
Admiral Bobby Inman (Ret.),
Russ Robinson,
Jason DeYonker,
Dean Bosacki and
Triple Canopy co-founder Tom Katis.
CEO Craig Nixon

“This combination of companies shares our core values of integrity and transparency, ensuring our clients of our ongoing dedication to oversight and good governance through our award-winning compliance practices,” said former U.S. Attorney General and current Board member John Ashcroft.
Board member and Triple Canopy founder Tom Katis reinforces, “This combination will provide our customers with the best possible service at the most competitive price.  We share a commitment to flawless delivery of mission critical services.  We share a bond with our employees, who are mostly decorated veterans who continue to serve their country in the private sector.  We share a willingness to do the toughest jobs in support of the efforts to make our world a better place.” 
The combined ownership group will employ more than 6,000 of the industry’s most experienced and best-trained employees and will be led by CEO Craig Nixon.   
CONTACT:
Callie Wang
PR Manager, Constellis Holdings, Inc.
(703) 304-8940

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Rogue Swan Weapons

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Rogue Swan Weapons


Andre Willers
7 Sep 2014
Synopsis :
Rogue Superposition Waves are created to kindle Black Swan events .
 
Discussion :
1.Rogue waves :
From Appendix A , Appendix B and Google it is clear that some heavy research is going on about creating and controlling Rogue waves .
These principles would be applicable to any superposition situation (ie where things can be added ) .
Water waves , quantum waves , electromagnetic waves , earthquake waves , sound waves , economic waves , etc
 
2.Black Swan Events .
See Appendix C .
Very low probability , very high impact events .
 
3. Big , unexpected rogue wave with major impact is a Black Swan event : a Rogue Swan .
  Like the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs .
 
4. Rogue Swan Weapons:
4.1 Disrupt any weapon at lightspeed  . Workable ABM
4.2 Do it with quantum probability waves and generating “good” luck or “bad” luck no longer is an item of faith .
4.3 Towering Tsunamis .
4.4 Giant Earthquakes .
4.5 Blinding flashes or deafening blasts
4.6 Economic Recessions , Depressions or Booms
Etc , etc.

5.Testing , testing…
Looking at the state of the world , it seems that Economic Rogue Swan systems are being tested .
 
Have you fed your pet Rogue Swan lately ?


Andre

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Appendix A
Rogue waves :
http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/20/rspa.2011.0640.full
Abstracts from the article
Abstract
General high-order rogue waves in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation are derived by the bilinear method. These rogue waves are given in terms of determinants whose matrix elements have simple algebraic expressions. It is shown that the general N-th order rogue waves contain N−1 free irreducible complex parameters. In addition, the specific rogue waves obtained by Akhmediev et al. (Akhmediev et al. 2009 Phys. Rev. E 80, 026601 (doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.80.026601)) correspond to special choices of these free parameters, and they have the highest peak amplitudes among all rogue waves of the same order. If other values of these free parameters are taken, however, these general rogue waves can exhibit other solution dynamics such as arrays of fundamental rogue waves arising at different times and spatial positions and forming interesting patterns.

1. Introduction
Rogue waves, also known as freak waves, monster waves, killer waves, extreme waves and abnormal waves, is a hot topic in physics these days. This name comes originally from oceanography, and it refers to large and spontaneous ocean surface waves that occur in the sea and are a threat even to large ships and ocean liners. Recently, an optical analogue of rogue waves—optical rogue waves, was observed in optical fibres (Solli et al.2007Kibler et al. 2010). These optical rogue waves are narrow pulses that emerge from initially weakly modulated continuous-wave signals. A growing consensus is that both oceanic and optical rogue waves appear as a result of modulation instability of monochromatic nonlinear waves. Mathematically, the simplest and most universal model for the description of modulation instability and subsequent nonlinear evolution of quasi-monochromatic waves is the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation (Benney & Newell 1967Zakharov 1968Hasegawa & Tappert 1973). This equation is integrable (Zakharov & Shabat 1972), thus its solutions often admit analytical expressions. For rogue waves, the simplest (lowest-order) analytical solution was obtained by Peregrine (1983). This solution approaches a non-zero constant background as time goes to Graphic, but rises to a peak amplitude of three times the background in the intermediate time. Special higher order rogue waves were obtained by Akhmediev et al.(2009a) using Darboux transformation. These rogue waves could reach higher peak amplitude from a constant background. Recently, more general higher order (multi-Peregrine) rogue waves were obtained by Dubard et al.(2010)Dubard & Matveev (2011)Gaillard (2011)Ankiewicz et al. (2011)and Kedziora et al. (2011). It was shown that these higher order waves could possess multiple intensity peaks at different points of the space–time plane. These exact rogue-wave solutions, which sit on non-zero constant background, are very different from the familiar soliton and multi-soliton solutions which sit on the zero background. They were little known until recently owing to high public interest in theoretical explanations for freak waves observed in the ocean. These rogue waves are intimately related to homoclinic solutions (Akhmediev et al. 19851988Its et al. 1988Ablowitz & Herbst 1990). Indeed, rogue waves can be obtained from homoclinic solutions when the spatial period of homoclinic solutions goes to infinity (Akhmediev et al. 198519882009bGaillard 2011). These rogue waves are also related to breather solutions which move on a non-zero constant background with profiles changing with time (Akhmediev et al. 2009c).
In this article, we derive general high-order rogue waves in the NLS equation and explore their new solution dynamics. Our derivation is based on the bilinear method in the soliton theory (Hirota 2004). Our solution is given in terms of Gram determinants and then further simplified, so that the elements in the determinant matrices have simple algebraic expressions. Compared with the high-order rogue waves presented in Dubard et al.(2010) and Gaillard (2011), our solution appears to be more explicit and more easily yielding specific expressions for rogue waves of any given order. We also show that these general rogue waves of N-th order contain N−1 free irreducible complex parameters. In addition, the specific rogue waves obtained in Akhmediev et al. (2009a) correspond to special choices of these free parameters, and they have the highest peak amplitudes among all rogue waves of the same order. If other values of these free parameters are taken, however, these general rogue waves can exhibit other solution dynamics such as arrays of fundamental (Peregrine) rogue waves arising at different times and spatial positions. Interesting patterns of these rogue-wave arrays are also illustrated.

The maths follows in the article
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Appendix B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breather
Breather
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the component in an internal combustion engine, see Crankcase ventilation system.
In physics, a breather is a nonlinear wave in which energy concentrates in a localized and oscillatory fashion. This contradicts with the expectations derived from the corresponding linear system for infinitesimal amplitudes, which tends towards an even distribution of initially localized energy.
discrete breather is a breather solution on a nonlinear lattice.
The term breather originates from the characteristic that most breathers are localized in space and oscillate (breathe) in time.[1] But also the opposite situation: oscillations in space and localized in time[clarification needed], is denoted as a breather.
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Appendix C
Black Swan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan_theory
The black swan theory or theory of black swan events is a metaphor that describes an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect, and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight.
The theory was developed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb to explain:
1.   The disproportionate role of high-profile, hard-to-predict, and rare events that are beyond the realm of normal expectations in history, science, finance, and technology.
2.   The non-computability of the probability of the consequential rare events using scientific methods (owing to the very nature of small probabilities).
3.   The psychological biases that make people individually and collectively blind to uncertainty and unaware of the massive role of the rare event in historical affairs.

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Rogue Swan Superhero

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Rogue Swan Superhero
Andre Willers
7 Sep 2014

This Scenario worries the Oligarchs :
Scotland joins BRICS and with Russia jacks up gas prices and thus raids EU Oligarchs (who foots the bill , since they own most of Europe(and Europeans) . See :http://andreswhy.blogspot.com/2014/02/neo-vikings.html
Defeats combined armies of US and UK by hiring Constellis : see
Only the Rogue Swan can save them .See https://www.academia.edu/8228558/Rogue_Swan_Weapons
The Rogue Swan
This Scenario worries the Oligarchs :  Scotland joins BRICS and with Russia jacks up gas prices and thus raids EU Oligarchs (who foots the bill , since they own most of Europe(and Europeans) . See :http://andreswhy.blogspot.com/2014/02/neo-vikings.html  Uses deflation to boost it's economy . See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com/2011/11/inflation-vs-deflation-ii.html  Defeats combined armies of US and UK by hiring Constellis : see  http://andreswhy.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-mercenary-patriot.html  What is left is the rubble of the EU : See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com/2014/03/gini-and-rubble-of-empire.html  Only the Rogue Swan can save them .See https://www.academia.edu/8228558/Rogue_Swan_Weapons  The Rogue Swan

Rogue Swan Tech

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Rogue Swan Tech


Andre Willers
8 Sep 2014
Synopsis :
Rogue Superposition Waves are created to kindle Black Swan events . A Reactionless drive and some sort of energy generation (Zero-point) are two results. Major repercussions are ensuing .
 
Discussion :
1.Weapons and some political Scottish fallout :see

 
2.The energy source.
If this already has a major economic and social impact , it must be small , simple and cheap.
A zero-point energy device accesses huge energy :http://www.cheniere.org/references/energydensityofvacuum.htm
“ in energy terms—on the order of 10127 joules per cubic centimeter.
J. A. Wheeler and C. Misner, Geometrodynamics, Academic Press, New York, 1962.”
Goodbye Oil or gas.
Mitshubishi is rumoured to be ahead .
 
3.Reactionless Drive
Already built . Chinese , NASA and Argentina.
NASA tested an impossible space engine and it somehow worked
NASA has been testing new space travel technologies throughout its entire history, but the results of its latest experiment may be the most exciting yet — if they hold up. Earlier this week at a conference in Cleveland, Ohio, scientists with NASA's Eagleworks Laboratories in Houston, Texas, presented a paper indicating they had achieved a small amount of thrust from a container that had no traditional fuels, only microwaves, bouncing around inside it. If the results can be replicated reliably and scaled up — and that's a big "if," since NASA only produced them on a very small scale over a two-day period — they could ultimately result in ultra-light weight, ultra fast spacecraft that could carry humans to Mars in weeks instead of months, and to the nearest star system outside our own (Proxima Centurai) in just about 30 years.
The type of container NASA tested was based on a model for a new space engine that doesn't use weighty liquid propellant or nuclear reactors, called a Cannae Drive. The idea is that microwaves bouncing from end-to-end of a specially designed, unevenly-shaped container can create a difference in radiation pressure, causing thrust to be exerted toward the larger end of the container. A similar type of technology called an EmDrive has been demonstrated to work in small scale trials by Chinese and Argentine scientists.
While the amount of thrust generated in these NASA's tests was lower than previous trials — between 30 and 50 micronewtons, way less than even the weight of an iPhone, as Nova points out — the fact that any thrust whatsoever is generated without an onboard source of fuel seems to violate the conservation of momentum, a bedrock in the laws of physics.
"not attributable to any classical electromagnetic phenomenon."
Most impressively, the NASA team specifically built two Cannae Drives, including one that was designed to fail, and instead it worked. As the scientists write in their paper abstract: "thrust was observed on both test articles, even though one of the test articles was designed with the expectation that it would not produce thrust." That suggests the drive is "producing a force that is not attributable to any classical electromagnetic phenomenon," the scientists write. It may instead be interacting with the quantum vacuum — the lowest energetic state possible — but the scientists don't have much evidence to support this idea yet.
There are many reasons to be skeptical: the inventor of the Cannae Drive, Guido Fetta, has only a Bachelor’s Degree in Chemical Engineering and is operating his company Cannae as a for-profit venture. Still, the fact that such results were produced by NASA scientists is promising and should warrant further investigation.
·         Via PBS NOVA
·         Source NASA
·         Image Credit Joel Hodgson/Guido Fetta/Cannae.com


Interesting times ahead .
 
Have you fed your pet Rogue Swan lately ?



Andre

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Failed State USA ?

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Failed State USA ?

Andre Willers
9 Sep 2014

Synopsis :
Is the USA a Failed State ?.
 
Discussion :

1.Is USA a failed state ?
 .
It has been seen as a failing state since 1973 . The two main reasons are :

1.1 Defense : Contractors were begun to be used instead of citizens after Vietnam .

1.2 Maintain : Stepping down from the gold standard opened the gates to loss of fiscal and manufacturing control to self-interest groups .

1.3 The US State Dept , CIA , Defense Dept  has written the Republic of USA off as a failed state and is busily fighting among each other about what should be the successor . (See Wars of Diadochi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi)

 
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2.Argument :
The State has two primary functions:
1.Defend itself .
2.Use taxes to get the money to defend itself .
If it cannot do these two elementary functions , it is a failed state .

PrimaryFunctions
1.Defence
Active 1.4 million , (mostly garrison)  (3/10)
Reservists 0.85 million (doing the actual fighting) (7/10)
Total 2.2 million

Personpower pool 120 million .
Cost 5% of GDP

Rating weighting calc : R=(0.3*1.4+0.7*0.85) / (1.4+0.85)
Rating R = (4/10)
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2.Private armies
Total about 4 million as set out below . (1/10)
Security guards 1 million .  http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes339032.htm
Prison guards  0.5 million
Law Enforcement 1.1 million
Militia  +- 1 million
PMSC (Private Military Service Companies)   ?  +- 0.5 million

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Rating weighting calc : R=(0.1*4+0.4*2.2) / (4+2.2)

Defence Rating (2/10)

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2.IRS
There is also political interference .
Politicians are using IRS against their opponents , a process leading to tax evasion and eventually tax revolt .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allegations_of_misuse_of_the_Internal_Revenue_Service

Big Money evades tax while the middle class is eviscecrated  .

Rating (1/10)

Essential State functions:
PEssential =(2+1) / 10 = 0.3

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3. The other State Functions:
The State is supposed to do large scale things outside private enterprise .
See http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/grades/
1.Education . A lamentable failure .  
Rating (3/10) . Official stats .
2.Power
Rating (5/10) At present
3.Water
Rating (3/10) . (LA , Las Vegas etc)
4 Sewerage
Rating (3/10)  can’t be better than water .
5.Transport :
5.1 Roads .
Rating (5/10)
5.2 Railways .
Rating (5/10)
5.3 Pipelines .
Rating (5/10)
5.4 Ports .
Rating (6/10)
5.5 Airports
Rating (6/10)
6. Health
A disaster . Obamacare
Rating (2/10)
7. Justice
Rating (5/10)
8 Food.
Inflation , droughts .
Rating (3/10)
9 Security of land tenure
Rating (8/10)
10 Security of intellectual property rights
Rating (8/10)
11. Water provision future
Rating (3/10)
12. Financial systems .
Antiquated , poorly controlled , poor security . Open to abuse
Rating (1/10)

These express existing conditions . It will get worse .

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4.  Summing up :
Essential State functions:
PEssential =0.3
Other :
POther= 68/160= 0.425

PState= (0.3 + 0.425)/2 =0.3625

A failed state would be if PState <0 .33="" o:p="">0>
A succesful state would be if PState >0.66

The USA is not quite a failed state , but it is nearly there .
The State is  failing .

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5. Conclusion
Basically , the State is has lost control of the use of armed force and of the financial systems .
This puts the essential state functions at risk .

The Civilians are propping up the state . As they withdraw their support , a civil war between Civilians and State can result as tax revolts spread .

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6. Please redo the calculation after massaging the figures to fit  pre-conceptions .

After all , that is how this mess arose in the first place .

“Uncle Sam ! Get well soon ! We really need you around the farm.”

Regards

Andre

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The Machine Gun triggered WW I

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The Machine Gun triggered World War I


Andre Willers
18 Sep 2014
Synopsis :
Machine Guns triggered WWI  and Smart Bullets will do for WW III .  Expectation of increasing defensive capabilities trigger war as aggressors faced a narrowing window of opportunity 
 
Discussion :
1.The Offense-Defense balance .
See Appendix A
If Offense is dominant , war is less likely because the leaders themselves are at risk .
However , if Offense is dominant , but the expectation is that Defense will become dominant , then pre-emptive attack becomes more likely .
 
2.The Machine Gun prior to 1914 .
2.1See Appendix B , especially Ivan Bloch . He warned in 1899 with meticulous detail .
2.2 See Appendix C
Britain.
==1907 > An eyewitness analysis of the Russo-Japanese War by British officer Ian Hamilton concludes that infantry by itself can't break a strong defense, regardless of its numbers or elan (see 1912)
Germany.1910
==May.--- > A German General Staff intelligence report warns that in a war with France, a quick and decisive victory is unlikely
Britain.1911
==Aug.13 > Winston Churchill sends a memo to Asquith on the first stages of a continental war, in which he accurately predicts the events of Aug-Sep 1914 and envisions a long war of attrition - the memo is contemptuously dismissed by Henry Wilson
2.3 There was a growing realization from about 1908 that the Machine Gun is shifting the battlefield balance from Offense to Defense .
2.4 This is what actually happened . See Appendix D for numbers of machine guns for UK alone :
1914 (300) to  1918 (120 000)  , a 400 fold increase . The most of any item . The same with every other combatant .

2.5 This led to the expectation of growing defensive power . If an aggressor had to attack , he better do it soon .
2.5 The ruling class were all cavalry , and were becoming acutely aware of approaching obsolescence .
2.6 Germany , especially, felt threatened by the French-Russian alliance . The German General staff gloomily assessed their chances as poor , but rapidly growing worse .
“As the political situation in Europe changed between 1908 and 1914, Moltke became ever more certain that in order to ensure a German victory, especially over Russia, war had to come sooner not later.
2.7 Hence , the decision not to avert war .
 
3.Relevance today ?
A similar situation has arisen .
Smart bullets are playing the role of the machine gun , multiplying the Offensive power of a single soldier .
See Appendix E
 The balance (at present on Defense side) is about to be shifted to Offense .
Countries (like US) who fight defensive wars in an aggressive fashion see the window in which they can do so shrinking rapidly .
Hence the rash of small wars all over before everybody has smart bullets .
 
Better get in with both boots before the enemy gets out the old equalizer .
Darwinnianly yours
Andre
 
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Appendix A

If wars last a long time and see many
attrition contests but few decisive battles between roughly equal adversaries, then defense
dominates. If wars are short and characterized by decisive battles between roughly equal
opponents, offense dominates. The frequent, costly wars of the period 1648-1789 tended to
be multi-year affairs characterized by attrition contests, while the less frequent, less costly
wars of the 1815-1914 period tended to be short and characterized by decisive battles.
What should we make of this evidence? One possibility is that offensive advantages
do cause war but that other factors are considerably more important, at least for this span
of time. While there is something to this, I will develop a different position: Offensive
advantages may have diverse effects, at least one of which favor peace rather than war. In
particular, an important but neglected effect of offensive advantages is that they increase the
variance of military outcomes. As the offense grows stronger, war is more likely to result in
either the total victory or total defeat of a state’s army, and less likely to yield stalemate or
small changes in territorial holdings. This means that offensive advantages make war less safe
for leaders interested in retaining power in a capital city. When defense dominates, leaders
can prosecute war “at the perimeter” with little fear of being deposed or otherwise subjected
by a conquering army. After Napoleon and the development of the mass army, going to war
more often meant risking the regime, something even “greedy” states are reluctant to do.
(The argument that the nuclear weapons make for defense dominance – actually, stable deterrence – is
not straightforward but is now widely accepted. See Robert Jervis, The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989)


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Appendix B
a)Friedrich Engels
Way back in 1887, Friedrich Engels, the famous Communist theorist, wrote this remarkably accurate prediction of the next war.
b)Ivan Bloch
Ivan Bloch was a Warsaw banker, railway planner, and campaigner against Russian anti-Semitism. In 1899, he wrote a book Is War Now Impossible?, in which he argued that its costs would be such that the inevitable result would be a struggle of attrition and eventual bankruptcy and famine. His hope was that by getting people to comprehend the vast costs and uncertainties of future war, he could forestall it. Though he was unsuccessful in that goal, he did at least get the muted privilege of being almost 100% right about its nature. For instance, see this direct extract from his book.
At first there will be increased slaughter – increased slaughter on so terrible a scale as to render it impossible to get troops to push the battle to a decisive issue.
entire dislocation of all industry and severing of all the sources of supply… the future of war [is] not fighting, but famine, not the slaying of men, but the bankruptcy of nations and the break-up of the whole social organization.
c)Pyotr Durnovo

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Appendix C


1.  Background, 1904 to Aug.02.1914

1904
France.Britain.
==Apr.08 > The Anglo-French Convention is signed: the start of the Entente Cordial
France.
==Apr.--- > A spy slips an early version of the Schlieffen Plan to the French (though the episode may have been a ruse) - ~rising concern in the French Army over the possibility of a war with Germany
==Aug.13 > Some French officers begin to suspect that Germany intends to attack through Belgium in the event of war

1905
Germany.
==early.1905 > The German General Staff begins serious studies on conducting a war against France and Britain
France.
==Feb.20-May > French Chief of Staff Pendezac warns that the French Army may not be able to halt a German invasion
Britain.
==Jul.20 > A British committee is formed to study the feasibility of an expeditionary force against Germany: ~it soon drops plans for landing in northern Germany or for seizing German colonies, and instead plans operations in France or Belgium
Germany.
==Dec.20 > Retiring German Chief of Staff Schlieffen reiterates the necessity of an attack through Belgium in a war with France - the Schlieffen Plan is completed
Britain.
==Dec.--- > The British Army draws up its first detailed plans for landing in France in the event of war
==1905 > British military theorist Henderson notes that modern weaponry has made frontal attacks suicidal
France.
==1905 > ~The French Army begins to recover from the Dreyfus Affair: younger, more capable officers are entering the General Staff; French military professionalism is increasing

1906
Germany.
==Jan.01 > Moltke the Younger replaces Schlieffen as the German Chief of Staff
France.Britain.
==Jan.17 > Serious Anglo-French staff talks begin - ~the idea of a British landing in northern Germany is rejected
Britain.
==Sep.13 to 1910 > Haldane's reforms greatly strengthen the British Army

1907
Britain.
==Jan.01 > Haldane orders planning for a 120,000 man British Expeditionary Force - the origins of the BEF
France.
==Mar.--- > French Intelligence concludes that the Russo-Japanese War was a “dazzling confirmation of the superiority of the offensive... and... the impotence of the defensive.”
Germany.
==summer > Moltke begins altering the Schlieffen Plan: he increases the troop strength facing Russia and in Alsace-Lorraine, weakens the German right flank, and abandons the attack on Holland
Britain.
==1907 > An eyewitness analysis of the Russo-Japanese War by British officer Ian Hamilton concludes that infantry by itself can't break a strong defense, regardless of its numbers or elan (see 1912)
Germany.
==1907 > ~Germany is developing super-heavy siege artillery

1908
Britain.
==Oct.22 > The British Committee for Imperial Defense supports plans for the BEF to be sent to Flanders and France, rather than a Baltic expedition to Pomerania
France.
==1908 > Colonel Grandmaison becomes French Operations chief: ~obsession with the offensive is written into French war plans
==1908 to 1911 > Ferdinand Foch heads the French War College, where he advocates extreme aggressiveness
==1908 > French intelligence obtains German mobilization plans and becomes aware that Germany may use its reserves as combat troops
Germany.
==1908 to 1913 > Erich Ludendorff heads the General Staff’s Mobilization Section
Europe.
==1908 > Most major European armies have incorporated machine gun teams with their infantry units

1909
Germany.
==Jan.02 > The retired German Chief of Staff Schlieffen openly publishes his plan in the journal Deutsche Revue
Belgium.
==Dec.23 > Albert I becomes King of Belgium
France.Britain.
==Dec.--- > Henry Wilson visits the French War College, befriends Foch, and begins periodic tours of the French frontiers
France.
==1909 > Commenting on heavy artillery to the French Chamber, a General Staff officer says: “Thank God we have none.”

1910
France.Britain.
==Jan.--- > When asked by Henry Wilson what the smallest useful British force for France would be, General Foch replies “A single British soldier - and we will see to it that he is killed.”
Germany.
==May.--- > A German General Staff intelligence report warns that in a war with France, a quick and decisive victory is unlikely
Britain.
==Aug.--- > Henry Wilson is named Director of British Military Operations - he intensifies joint planning with France
France.
==1910 > ~Improving morale in the French army
==1910 > Commenting on machine guns, the French Director-General of Infantry says “Make no mistake. This weapon will change absolutely nothing.”

1911
France.
==Feb.--- > Colonel Grandmaison's electrifying lectures at the War College establish ‘offensive to the limit’ as French military doctrine
Britain.
==Mar.--- > Henry Wilson completes the BEF’s mobilization schedule
==Mar.--- > ~Most British commanders are evidently convinced that in the event of war a large German offensive will roll through Belgium
France.
==Jul.19 > Acting French Chief of Staff Michel offers a war plan that assumes the main German assault will come through Belgium, imposes an initially defensive role on the French army, and plans the use of reservists as front-line troops - his plan is voted down and he is sacked within two days
France.Britain.
==Jul.20 > The Dubail-Wilson Agreement: without authorization, the Anglo-French military conference settles the details of military cooperation - Henry Wilson pledges a 150,000-man BEF, to be ready for action on the thirteenth day of mobilization
France.
==end.Jul > Joseph Joffre is appointed French Chief of Staff
Britain.
==Aug.13 > Winston Churchill sends a memo to Asquith on the first stages of a continental war, in which he accurately predicts the events of Aug-Sep 1914 and envisions a long war of attrition - the memo is contemptuously dismissed by Henry Wilson
France.Britain.
==end.Sep > Britain is briefed on French war plans - ~Britain is committed to a strategy it didn't shape and doesn’t grasp
==Nov.28 > Henry Wilson meets Joffre and is finally given access to the French war plans - France gives Britain detailed deployment plans for the BEF
Germany.
==1911 > German Chief of Staff Moltke suffers from heart disease and begins to physically decline

1912
Britain.
==Jan.17-20 > A British General Staff Conference de-emphasizes the importance of firepower - Brigadier Kiggell says “Victory is won actually by the bayonet...”
==Jan.--- > The British Army and the Royal Navy finally complete their plans for transporting the BEF to France
France.
==Feb.21 > Joffre tells the French Cabinet that a general war will either bring a quick French victory or a drawn-out conflict - he does not expect Britain to play a major role
Germany.
==May.10 > The Reichstag agrees to a massive increase in land forces: the start of the serious expansion of the German Army
France.
==Sep.02 > Joffre reports to Poincaré that in the event of a general war, the Entente stands an excellent chance of victory
Belgium.
==Dec.19 > The Kaiser reassures King Albert that Germany does not intend to violate Belgian neutrality
France.
==Dec.--- > The French Chamber debates replacing the highly visible red trousers of the army uniform - one deputy cries “Le pantalon rouge c’est la France!”
Britain.
==1912 > In Compulsory Service, General Sir Ian Hamilton denigrates predictions of the decisiveness of firepower as “trash”   (see 1907)
France.
==1912 > France revives the use of cavalry lances

1913
Germany.
==Jan.04 > Former German Chief of Staff Schlieffen dies at age 79, saying “It must come to a fight.  Only make the right wing strong.”
==Jan.--- > Ludendorff is removed from the General Staff after offending the War Minister
==Jun.30 > The German Reichstag passes a gigantic Army Bill
France.
==Aug.07 > A French Army Bill is ratified that restores three year terms of service in response to the German buildup - ~rapid expansion causes disruption in the French Army until early 1914
Belgium.
==Aug.30 > Overdue Belgian army reforms are enacted - King Albert secures a Belgian universal conscription law
France.
==Aug.--- > General Foch assumes command of the French XX Corps on the German frontier near Nancy
==Oct.28 > The new French Field Regulations begin “The French army, returning to its traditions, henceforth admits no law but the offensive.”
==1913 > Grouard's La Guerre eventuelle warns of the likelihood of a German attack on France through Belgium, predicting “...if we take the offensive at the outset we shall be beaten.”
Britain.
==1913 > British Brigadier Haking declares that the offensive “will win as sure as there is a sun in the heavens,” regardless of the strength of the defense
Germany.
==1913 > The German Army drops all plans for fighting a defensive war with limited aims - the Schlieffen Plan becomes the sole German military plan
==1913 > The influential German General Bernhardi advocates mass infantry attacks to bring victory by sheer force or “shock”

January to late June 1914
Belgium.
==Jan.--- > General Leman assumes command of the Belgian fortresses at Liège
France.
==Feb.--- > General Gallieni retires, and is replaced by Lanrezac as commander of the 5th Army on the French left flank
==Apr.--- > French intelligence obtains the the German mobilization plans - the evidence that German reservists will be used as combat troops is ignored
==May.--- > The French Army officially adopts War Plan XVII - Joffre concentrates his forces against Alsace-Lorraine, leaving his left flank open
==May.--- > French intelligence is still predicting that the main German thrust will be in the Nancy-Verdun area and that Germany won’t use its reservists as combat troops
==Jun.13 > A French General Staff study greatly underestimates German military strength
 


The July Crisis: June 28-August 2, 1914
June 28-July 1914
Europe.
==Jun.28. > The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo [1034.AM] - THE JULY CRISIS BEGINS
France.
==Jul.13-14 > Angry debates in the French Senate over military preparedness - Senator Humbert reveals enormous French deficiencies relative to Germany
Europe.
==Jul.19 > The first public hint of the impending European crisis - the powers begin to grow alarmed
Germany.
==Jul.21 > French Ambassador Jules Cambon reports early signs of German war preparations
Europe.
==Jul.23 > Austria delivers its ultimatum to Serbia [600.PM] - THE JULY CRISIS COMES OUT INTO THE OPEN
Germany.
==Jul.23 > German officers’ leave is stopped
France.
==Jul.25 > From Berlin, Ambassador Jules Cambon suggests that France quietly begin making military preparations - French generals are recalled
==Jul.26 > After learning of German military preparations, the French government recalls troops on leave [430.PM]
==Jul.27 > Ambassador Jules Cambon predicts that if Germany is threatened by a Russian mobilization it will immediately launch a crushing offensive against France
==Jul.27 > France orders the recall of most of its forces in Morocco and begins implementing railroad security
Europe.
==Jul.28> Austria declares war on Serbia [1100.AM] - WORLD WAR I BEGINS
Germany.
==Jul.28 > German War Minister Falkenhayn orders that all troops on maneuvers return to their garrisons
Britain.
==Jul.29 > British government departments are instructed to implement war precautions [200.PM] - ~authorities throughout the British Empire are ordered to a state of readiness - ~The Committee for Imperial Defense War Book is opened
Belgium.
==Jul.29 > Belgium strengthens the fortifications at Liege
The BEF.
==Jul.30 > General Sir John French is designated the commander of the BEF
France.
==Jul.30 > After receiving exaggerated reports of German preparations, Joffre asks permission to bring French frontier forces to wartime strength [700.AM] - France orders a cautious troop buildup near the German frontier, keeping its troops ten kilometers from the border [500.PM]
Belgium.
==Jul.31 > Belgium declares mobilization, to begin Aug.01
Germany.
==Jul.31 > Germany declares a State of Imminent War [100.PM], allowing for martial law and the sealing of the frontiers
France.
==Jul.31 > Fearing imminent war with Germany, General Joffre forcefully warns against delaying French mobilization [200.PM] - The French cabinet orders accelerated military preparations [540.PM]
The Northwestern Front.
==Jul.31 > Lanrezac, the commander of the French 5th Army, expresses concern over the possibility of a German advance through Belgium; Joffre ignores the memo

AUGUST 1
France.
==Fearing a secret German mobilization, Joffre demands that by 400.PM France order a general mobilization [800.AM]
Britain.
==The British cabinet decides to not immediately send the British Expeditionary Force to France [late morning]
== ~All strategic points in Britain are guarded by troops
Belgium.
==Aug.01 > Ambassador Below assures the Belgian government that “Belgium has nothing to fear from Germany.” [noon]
France.
==France orders mobilization [355.PM], to begin at noon on Aug.02
Germany.
==Germany orders a general mobilization [just after 500.PM]: the first day is to be Aug.02; as the order is issued in Berlin, the crowds break into the national hymn while officers drive around waving swords and handkerchiefs
==After receiving false reports that Britain will guarantee French neutrality, the euphoric Kaiser attempts to halt the mobilization against France and to redirect it toward Russia [dusk]; Chief of Staff Moltke is stunned, and possibly suffers a small stroke
Europe.
==Aug.01 > Germany declares war on Russia [710.PM]: THE START OF WAR BETWEEN THE POWERS
Luxembourg.
==The first military moves in the west: German troops enter Luxembourg and seize Trois Vierges (Three Virgins) [700.PM], but are quickly withdrawn by the Kaiser, who still hopes to cut a last-minute deal with Britain - the Kaiser learns that reports of a British offer were untrue [1100.PM] and orders the advance on Luxembourg and Belgium to resume - German forces again enter Luxembourg and occupy the rail and telegraph stations at Trois Vierges [midnight], this time permanently
French Headquarters.
==Joffre curtly dismisses the concerns expressed by 3rd Army commander Ruffey that German forces will advance through Belgium

AUGUST 2
Belgium.
== ~Despite warnings from its Ambassador in Berlin, Belgium informs Britain that it does not intend to appeal to the powers to affirm its neutrality, and that it assumes that it will need no foreign aid to repel invaders [morning]
France.
==Though the two countries are still at peace, there are eleven recorded German violations of the French border on this day: near Belfort, French Corporal André Peugeot becomes the first recorded fatality on the Western Front
==The French government gives Joffre full freedom of action [200.PM]; he moves his forces up to the German border
Belgium.
==Germany delivers a twelve-hour ultimatum to Belgium, demanding that German forces be allowed to pass through the country [720.PM] - a Council of State is held in Brussels [900.PM-400.AM]: Belgium resolves to resist Germany - acrimonious meetings are held through the night on military strategy - ~belated orders are issued to put the Liège forts in a state of defense
Luxembourg.
==German forces complete the occupation of Luxembourg [by night] - its government protests but does not resist
The Northwestern and Central Fronts.
==Concerned by the Belgian crisis, Joffre begins altering French Plan 17, moving Lanrezac’s 5th Army further left, and putting de Langley’s 4th Army in line to Lanrezac’s right [~night]
Alsace.
==French VII Corps is ordered to invade Alsace and to take Mulhouse and Huningen
France.
==France declares a state of siege (ratified Aug.05), with martial law and military control of the railways
Germany.
==Moltke is named the Commander-in-Chief of the German Field Armies
==German Army commanders are appointed
==Ludendorff is named liaison between the Liège assault force and 2nd Army command
==The Krupp works are urgently ordered to make their super-heavy 420 mm guns ready for use against the Liège forts
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Appendix D

TABLE 6: UK output of selected items, 1913-1919
                               1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

Steel, m tons           7.7      7.8  8.6   9.0  9.7      9.5       7.9
Aircraft, units                      245 1,933 6,149 14,748 32,018
Aero-engines, units                99 1,721 5,363 11,763 22,088
Tanks, units                                                  150 1,110 1,359
Artillery guns, units                    91 3,390 4,314 5,137 8,039
Trench mortars, units                   12 945 5,192 5,951 6,473
Machine guns, 000                    0.3 6.1 33.5 79.7 120.9
Rifles, 000                                       120 613 953 1,206 1,062
Shells, millions                                   0.5 7.4 51.6 87.7 69.8
Explosives, 000 tons                     5.7 29.4 139.2 328.9 280.4
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Appendix E
Smart Bullets

Saturday, February 04, 2012
Smart Bullets
Smart Bullets
Andre Willers
4 Feb 2012

Synopsis :
Vernor Vinge's Smart Bullets have stimulated the Real-Time version .

Discussion :
In 1984 Vernor Vinge wrote an extrapolation called “The Peace War” , that featured smart bullets as an aside .

This stimulated fans to create the reality .

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399607,00.asp
“Sandia National Laboratories said Monday that the facility has developed a self-guiding bullet, whose accuracy actually improves the longer it flies.
Red Jones and Brian Kast, with help from five others, designed the four-inch-long bullet, which includes an optical sensor, a battery, an 8-bit CPU, and small actuators to guide the flight. The creators estimated that the bullet could strike a target a mile away, with far greater accuracy than a ballistic bullet - within 8 inches of that target, as opposed to 9.8 yards using a conventional bullet.”

RASEF
Reality Amplification by Stimulated Emission from Fantasy .

The bullet with your name on it .
Not only has it your name , but your picture , too .

How it works :
Still fairly primitive .
The shooter sees the target through some electronic scope , downloads the image to the bullet and fires it in the general direction of the target . The bullet does the rest .

Initially , the success rate will be high , but soon counter-measures will take place .

Machine-guns :
Many bullets in the air , but one target . What happens to the superfluous bullets ?

Cloud bullets :
Given the military mind-set , it seems a pity to waste all those bullets . So , the next step is a cloud of bullets with hierarchies of targets .
If one bullet tells the others that the target has been neutralized , the rest switch to lower-level targets .
The hierarchies being in morphs of the Target Zero face (ie family of the target )

After that , a loiter capability of even seconds will drastically alter the tactical protocols .

Friendly fire :
The battlefield air will be full of smart bullets , running into low-order targets . Also manufactured by the lowest bidder . With Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) , errors will happen .
The target will then be in banded probability zones .

This is reminiscent of Riemann orbitals .
See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com “Orders of Randomness 2” Aug 2008

Self-destruct :
Desirable , but difficult . How do you recall a bullet ?

Super-image decoy .
Easier to decoy them past the loiter time .

Theory :
See Fractal Compression and Decompression .
A super-image of any image can be formed , given the recognition parameters .

Gait parameters :
Facial recognition can easily be masked , but gait is difficult . Gait is also easier to recognize by the bullet . Random gait (smart shoes ,etc) brings us right back to Riemann orbitals .

Remember , these are cheap bullets meant to be fired by the million .

You will probably soon have iPhone apps that can give some measure of protection .

Chameleon , ho!

Andre
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Naksh the Beautiful Conspirator .

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Naksh the Beautiful Conspirator


Andre Willers
19 Sep 2014
Synopsis:
One of the three Martinique Conspiracy (probability of 1 in 8.2 million)
 
Discussion :
1.Martinique conspiracy .
Three women claiming to be from as tiny and faraway place as you can think of ended up as Empresses .
1.1.Madame de Maintenon , unofficial Empress to Louis IV
1.2.Josephine Bonaparte , Empress to Napoleon
1.3.Aimee de Rivery , Empress of Turkey , Naksh the Beautiful



She was a convent teenager kidnapped by pirates and given to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire as a virgin gift , her extraordinary beauty and sheer character
made her de-facto Empress of the Ottoman Empire .
See Appendix A
 
2. The probability of this (3 empresses)  happening by chance is very  small .
Chances are 1 in 8.2 million.
This is the odds that it is a conspiracy .
See Appendix E for calculation .
For comparison , odds for winning (5+bonus) in Lotto is 3,2 million .

3.See Appendix B for Madame de Maintenon

4. Appendix C is Conspiracies in general , and Appendix D is how conspiracies arise as result of hierarchies ,
 
5.Requirements for a conspirator’s background :
5.1 Remote , but still considered in civilization .
5.2 Difficult to check
5.3 Slow communications
5.4 Acceptable reason for not appearing in electronic intercept and monitoring records .
Islands are now too difficult .
Third world countries with porous borders , history of civil wars and a colonial past seems to meet the criteria .
Is this your boss ?
 
6.Open conspiracies leads to stupidity at the top .
The lower echelons are open to anybody , but rising through the hierarchy involves joining in more and more conspiracies .
Unfortunately , this lowers the competency all round , as belonging to the conspiracy is more important than being smart .
 
7.This means that the Martinique Conspiracy is an old , open conspiracy .
The three above were probably juniors too smart for their own good .
Watch out for beautiful women with fancy nails and a fondness for snakes .
 
8. Relations with other Conspiracies .
Frosty . They were , after all , hiding when nobody we know of was looking .
The safest place for now would be 2/3 of the way up the hierarchy  in security organizations like Homeland Security in the US .
 
9. For an interesting treatment of the subject , read “In the Country of the Blind” by Michael Flynn
“In the nineteenth century, a small group of American idealists managed to actually build Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine and use it to develop Cliology, mathematical models that could chart the likely course of the future. Soon they were working to alter history’s course as they thought best. By our own time, the Society has become the secret master of the world. “ Then the fun starts…
 
Conspiratorially yours
Andre
 
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Appendix A
Martinique Conspiracy:
1.Madame de Maintenon , unofficial Empress to Louis IV
2.Josephine Bonaparte , Empress to Napoleon
3.Aimee de Rivery , Empress of Turkey , Naksh the Beautiful

See also
“1808-17 Politically Influential Nakşidil Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Covering Turkey, Greece, The Balcans, parts of the Middle East and Northern Africa)
An apocryphal story has it that she was originally Marie Martha Aimée Dubuc de Rivéry - cousin of Empress Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie of France. She was supposed to have been captured by pirates and sold to the slave marked of Istanbul and presented to Abdülhamid and acted as his advisor 1733-73. After his death his brother, Sultan Selim III asked her to remain at the Seraglio harem with her son, Mahmud his nephew. She acted as his advisor and apparently taught him French; and for the first time, a permanent ambassador was sent from Istanbul to Paris. Selim was assassinated in 1807 by religious fanatics who disapproved of his liberalism. The assassins also sought to kill Mahmud, but Nakshedil saved her son by concealing him inside a fumace. Thus Mahmud became the next Sultan, accomplishing significant reforms in the empire that are, for the most part, attributed to the influence of his mother. She lived (1768-1817).”

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Appendix B
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Appendix C
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Appendix D
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Appendix E
Estimated populations from McEvedy
(1)France                  1700 CE  22m
(2)France                  1800 CE  29m
(3)Ottoman Empire   1800 CE  24m
Probability Pr = 1 – p(non)
P(1) prob that element 1 is not in population (1)  = [1 –1/22  * 10^(-6) ]
P(2) prob that element 2 is not in population (2)  = [1 - 1/29  * 10^(-6) ]
P(3) prob that element 3 is not in population (3)  = [1 - 1/24  * 10^(-6) ]
millions
pnon
France 1700
22
1000000
0.999999955
France 1800
29
1000000
0.999999966
Ottoman
24
1000000
0.999999958
pnons multiplied
0.999999878
prob=1-(pnons multiplied)
1.21604E-07
1/prob =
8 223 416

Chances are 1 in 8.2 million.

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Potential Money and Bubbles

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Potential Money


Andre Willers
19 Sep 2014
Synopsis :
The concept of Potential Money is used to show the mechanics of Bubble inflation .
 
Discussion :
1.Potential Money (PM) of an Amount (M) is the sum of all the money that can be made by any scheme using M .
2.PM can be infinite , but is usually limited by the imagination of the user .
3. Examine case of two parties , Seller (S) and Buyer (B)
4. The Buyer makes an offer to the seller , who can accept or reject the offer .
5. The crucial point : there is a time-delay which causes imbalances in the Potential Money of the two parties .
6. The person making the offer (the Buyer) is at a disadvantage insofar as it appears as if he has less Potential Money .
Potential Money gradients per transaction
Buyer
Transaction
Direction
Seller
-r
Offer in transit
-->
0
-r
+r
-r
Accept in transit
<-- o:p="">-->
0
-r
Reject in transit
<-- o:p="">-->
0
0
0
Balance iro buyer
-r
Offer in transit
-r
Accept/reject in transit
Balance iro seller
0
Always
During transit times , the Buyer is at a potential disadvantage
7.What does this mean ?
An experienced negotiater or salesman will always try to get the other party to make the initial offer .
“What do you want for it?”
 
8.The interest on the Potential Money in transit acts as an attractor and also gets added to the Potential Money of the party .
Since PM can be very large and busily in transit , this will act like an inflator to blow bubbles in the values of Potential Money , with runaway
Positive feedback .
Monetary Bubbles seem to be inherent in any type of transaction .
9.Potential Money interest rate :
Since this is the major culprit , managing it seems to be the best option .

10 Taxation :
Taxing Potential Money Interest seems promising , though I can hear the screams now .
 
9. This model can be easily adapted to physics .
Have potential fun .
Especially the Potential tax that has to be paid in real money !
Potentially yours
Andre

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Aquila Rome in Southern Africa .

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Aquila of Zimbabwe II

Andre Willers
21 Sept 2014

Synopsis :
Celtic genetic and cultural influence in Southern Africa circa 50 BCE.

 
Discussion:

Celtic and Bantu cultures .
These are so similar that we have to wonder if there is not cultural contamination .
Both used the same huts , cattle as wealth , clan structure , border raiding , metallurgy etc, etc .

Bantu culture suddenly erupted from the West coast of Africa south of the Congo-delta circa 50 BC and spread south-eastwards because of the cattle . No other societies around them had the same cattle-based economy or iron metallurgy . The iron-working (a variant of bog-iron folding) spread into Angola and Southern Africa . The same with the cattle .

Where did this come from ?

An intriguing speculation is that it came from the Celts .

The Celts had this mechanism of getting rid of surplus population : split the populace at random in three . One third has to leave . By about 70-60 BCE , the Romans had made it clear (after Marius massacred 500 000 at Aquiliae Sextae) that no further volkewanderung in Gaul or Italy would be tolerated .

So they tried the sea-route down the west coast of Africa . About 200 coast-hugging ships of the time could take about 100 000 people . Another 100 ships for the cattle and horses . A population of about 500 000 would be rich enough and powerful enough to get the lowlanders to build the ships . The Druids probably could see problems ahead either with the Romans .  So they would also give their support , and more importantly , money .

This is why Julius Caesar invaded Britain . He knew that a powerful Gaul fleet had sailed not long ago , and he had to know where they were . There was no way that he could tell the Senate

“By the way , a fleet of 100 000 Gauls can descend anytime on Rome , Egypt or Carthage . “

He knew that they had not been recently sighted in the Mediterranean . His most immediate danger would be that they had gone to Britain and would sally forth at their leisure . So he took the initiative : a reconnaissance in force .
When he found out the truth , he withdrew .

But he sent pursuit forces to make sure they did not return .
Talk about the last legion .
But he probably sent no more than two maniples . About 1200 men . Enough for the job .
These were real Romans with orders to make sure that the Gauls never return .
The highest probability is that they caught up with the weather-beaten fleet and burned most of it on the beach .

His policy decision then to eradicate Druidism because of their demonstrated capability to mobilize a fleet of about 300 ships coloured Roman and Roman-Catholic policy since .

Prestor John Empire myths
The Prestor John Empire myths stem from this episode . The ambivalence of the Roman-Catholic Church is understandable . They knew very well there might be a Western culture in Africa , but that it probably would have Druidic roots .

So what did happen to the Gauls ?
They hopped down the western coast of Africa in true Peoples of the Sea fashion . The first place suitable for cattle is south of the Congo .
This is probably where the Romans caught up with them , catching them by surprise and burning the ships on the shore .

After they lost the horses and the ships , they made the best of a bad business and acculturated , slowly drifting south-eastward . The Druids formed the core of the traditional healers , and still has the old verbal knowledge .

What happened to the horses ?
They are notoriously susceptible to diseases , especially African Horse sickness .
See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com“Mongols of the Serengeti”
Horses could survive , but only with a large initial influx or continual replenishment .
Without replenishment of new blood they would have died out . This implies that the Gaulish force lost sea-going capability , which is consonant with  pursuing Romans catching up with them .

What happened to the Romans ?
They probably walked back . Well , most of them . They could sail as far as the Niger and then up to Lake Chad . Then march back to Egypt (It was wetter then). Take them about two years . There was little in Africa that could stop two Roman maniples .
The Primus Pilum probably retired on the shore of the Red Sea , telling unbelievable stories to his grandchildren on their visits .


Scenario:
The argument was that a Celtic migration (about 100 000 people) circa 60 BC  coast-hopped down the West-African coast , pursued by a Roman force that managed to destroy their ships somewhere south of the Congo delta .

The remains should be findable (a lot of metal was involved) .
A sensational dig !
The Celts could not return , which was the Roman strategic objective .

The Romans returned , as discussed , but what happened to the Celts ?

Genetic evidence:
I had a look at some genetic maps . There are European genetic markers in the Bantu population predating 1500AD . The problem lies in interpretation .

The generally accepted interpretation is that the markers (mutations) originated in North-Africa . Some of the population went to Europe (via landbridges like Malta during the last ice-age) , and some went south into Africa to end up south of the Congo at the start of the Bantu surge .

Refer to Jared Diamond’s arguments about the difficulty of crossing latitude and  climate boundaries . North Africa and Southern Europe were climactically similar at the time .
But crossing the Tropics has some major problems for a herder culture with subsistence farming . (Impossible without water-transport . )

Some remnants of the Bantu probably did arrive south of the Congo , but  few cattle  . (Probable numbers : about 200 000 ,
but hardened survivors in organized tribal groups . Every inch of the way they came would have been contested .)

Meeting up with the Celtic castaways (probably about 50 000 at this time ) was a stroke of luck for both parties .

A new , vital culture was forged .

(If these numbers seem large , remember that the area was teeming with game . The main competitors were other humans who were already at optimal population densities for their environment . Foreigners in these numbers could not be tolerated , as the local’s own grandchildren would be endangered .)

Skin Colour .
Melanin concentration has been shown to a strict function of UVB radiation per latitude .

The Melanoma Gradient

Populations too white (not enough melanin) suffer higher incidences of skin cancers , as well as problems with the folic acid-vitD balances . The effect is that children who are too white will be much healthier the further away from the equator . Populations free to move will move to where children have a higher survival rate .

The Bantu light skin colour .
This evolved in North-Africa .
They were forced south by climate change and enemies to move south through some very hostile territory .
Then they met the Celts .
There was a fusion of Celtic genes and technology .

The present accepted  model presupposes that lower melanin concentrations were caused by assimilating San and Koi , who had low melanin concentrations because of their high latitude . The problem is numbers . There simply was not enough numbers of San/Koi slaves to turn a ebony population into a latte  .

The latest evidence is that areas like North-Africa were populated from Southern-African regions . The high-melanin (extreme black) concentrations evolved in the tropics after medium-melanin . White-skins evolved after this in extreme northern Europe .

So the proto-Bantu were medium-melanin to start with , as well as the high cheekbones and pointed chins . (Cf Mongols) . Big bums in older females are found in every peasant society where there is no food preservation . Fat has to be stored for childbearing .

Fusion .
Ubuntu .
The Celts and proto-Bantu fused into a new vital culture , enabling them to survive together where they could not apart .
Most important was the meme of co-operation , instead of conflict .
Win-win .

Technology : iron working , huts , cattle , fermented milk , pottery , preservation , etc

Software : culture : shares in cattle , a typical Celtic technology . This increases the population carrying capacity by at least a factor of ten . But limited by the lack of written records .
Raiding (continual low-level aggression to keep everyone on their toes. Works for non-professional armies)

Matrilineal descent

Rather contentious , as there was a lot of Egyptian cultural contamination via Ethiopia. The three waves of skilled agricultural refugees from Yemen after the successive failures of the Maghreb dam stirred the pot .

The One-Third Diaspora Meme :
This is telling .

In their movement south-eastwards , the Bantu were never hemmed in , so the meme-machinery of hiving off a third was never activated .

Until they ran into whites moving northwards .
The extreme facility in which the Xhosas shifted  one third of the population of the Eastern Province to the Western Province in 1994  argues that this meme is alive and well .

Think about it . In most African states like Somalia , Ruanda , etc , the inhabitants have to be at death’s door before they relocate . And they want to be back in the old country as soon as possible .

But in south Africa , the Bantu say “ Ho-Hey! Where’s the bus ?” This actually happened .
The old meme-machinery kicked in . The whites experienced the one-third volkewandering at a 2 000 year remove !
What delicious irony !
The Celtic Revenge !

This is one of the main driving forces of the xenophobic attacks .

The whites have something similar .
The second Great Trek.
About a third of the white population left after 1994 . The problem was that this was not random . Only the ones who could find a job overseas left . The skilled , graduate lot .
But still , it was only a third .
A very good thing . The benefits of a captive skill pool is far outweighed by the instability they would have engendered .
Better incompetent management than war .
Anything is better than a civil war (except starvation a-la-Zimbabwe)

To get back to the Eagles .
 









Roman Eagle                                                                          Zimbabwe Eagle 

Roman Eagle at

Zimbabwean Eagle at

Note the similarities .




Roman Eagle
Roman Legions liked to march over the top of a hill with the Aquila showing first , then the other standards , then the serried ranks of the legions . In total silence . Terror tactics . It worked , too .
Shamanist groups like the Druids ascribed mystic powers to the symbols (ie Eagle) . For centuries keeping the standard up was a major thing . It was at the most defended center . If you cannot keep this up , what use are you ?

Hence the Zimbabwe bird : a Roman Eagle , captured and it’s power transferred .


Huts 
                                                                

Gaelic hut                                                 




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland                                                                                                         Southern African hut (Basotho)

Southern African (Basotho)

The terrace agriculture : from Yemen (Maghreb  , Sha’aba)  Queen of Sheba .
There were three breaks in the Maghreb dam . Each one was accompanied by a a refugee flux . The Maghreb dam was a single point of failure for an entire civilization.
From genetic evidence , there are still descendants in Zimbabwe .

The normal stone walls :
Ever tried to farm a stony ground ? You have to move the stones somewhere . And obviously where you will not have to move them again . This is the iterative definition of a wall .


The conical stone towers : This was standard in Celtic countries  . Some still survive .
See photos below .



Southern Africa : Zimbabwe



Zimbabwe




Scotland :


Glenelg


Scotland Glenelg broch.jpg
4th century BC to 1st century AD
One of the best-preserved brochs, the dry-stone walls surviving to over 7 m in height in places.[43][44]



.
Roman Ruins
See Appendix A

Romans were exploring into Africa in the first century ACE .

Why did they stop ?

Or did they ?

Ave atque vale

Andre

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Appendix A


Roman expeditions to lake Chad and western Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Roman expeditions to lake Chad and western Africa were a group of military and commercial expeditions undertaken by the Roman Empire in order to explore the area of western and central Africa south of the Sahara desert.
Historical background[edit]
These exploration were undertaken between the first century BC and the second century AD, when was created the Roman limes from Roman Mauritania to Roman Libya. There were five recorded by Roman historians:
·         The first expedition -according to Plinius- was the one of Cornelius Balbus, who in 19 BC reached the river Niger near actual Timbouctou. He moved from Libyan Sabratha and conquered with ten thousand legionaries the Garamantes capital in actual Fezzan and sent a small group of his legionaries further south across the Ahaggar mountains in order to explore the "land of the lions": they found a huge river (the Niger) that in their opinion was going toward the Nile river [1] Indeed in 1955, many Roman coins and some Latin ceramics were found in the area of actual Mali[2]
·         The second was done in the year 41 AD by Suetonius Paullinus, afterwards Consul, who was the first of the Romans who led an army across Mount Atlas. At the end of a ten days' march he reached the summit,—which even in summer was covered with snow,—and from thence, after passing a desert of black sand and burnt rocks, he arrived at a river called Gerj...he then penetrated into the country of the Canarii and Perorsi, the former of whom inhabited a woody region abounding in elephants and serpents, and the latter were Ethiopians, not far distant from the Pharusii and the river Daras (modern river Senegal). From the first century after Christ there is evidence (coins, fibulas) of Roman commerce and contacts in Akjoujt and Tamkartkart near Tichit in actual Mauritania.[3]
·         The third expedition was done by Valerius Festus in 68-70 AD. He -probably by orders of Nero- repeated the travel done by Balbus, but this time he started from the Tunisiansouth.
·         The forth expedition was done by Septimius Flaccus in 76 AD and reached the lake Chad through the Tibesti mountains[4]
·         The fifth was done by Julius Matiernus in 86 AD and reached lake Chad and territories of actual northern Central African Republic. Ptolemy wrote that Matiernus did a travel of four months from southeastern Libya in order to reach the land called Agisymba, populated by rhinoceros and elephants.[5]
Further south[edit]
Romans explored the coast of western Africa and reached even the Gulf of Guinea.
Indeed the western coast of Africa was explored by the Romans after the conquest of northern Maroc (then called Mauretania Tingitana): the Roman vassal king Juba II organized a successful trade from the area of Volubilis. Pliny the Elder, a 1st-century Roman author and military officer, drawing upon the accounts of Juba II, king of Mauretania, stated that a Roman expedition from Mauritania visited the islands of the archipelago of the Canaries and Madeira around 10 AD and found great ruins but no population, only dogs (from those animals he called the islands, using the Latin word "canarius" or "canis" for dog).
According to Pliny the Elder, an expedition of Mauretanians sent by Juba II to the archipelago visited the islands: when King Juba II dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador (historical name of Essaouira, Morocco) in the early 1st century AD Juba's naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, Madeira and probably the Cape Verde islands, using Mogador as their mission base.
We have even recorded historically that, according to Pliny the Elder, the Greek Xenophon of Lampsacus stated that the Gorgades (Cape Verde islands) were situated two days from "Hesperu Ceras" (today called Cap-Vert), the westernmost part of the African continent, showing a knowledge of the area by the Romans. They even knew of the Hesperides: some researchers, like Duane Roller, have even identified the Hesperides with the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea.
Furthermore, according to Pliny the Elder and his citation by Gaius Julius Solinus, the sea voyage time crossing the Gorgades (Cape Verde islands) to the islands of the Ladies of the West ("Hesperides", actual São Tomé and Príncipe and Fernando Po) was around 40 days: this fact has created academic discussions about the possibility of further Roman travels toward Guinea and even the Gulf of Guinea. A Roman coin of the emperor Trajan has been found in Congo.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
1.    Jump up^ Plinio, Naturalis historia 5.10
2.    Jump up^ Virgilio Boccardi e Cino Boccazzi: "Il cimitero dei dinosauri". Sugarco Editore, 1972
4.    Jump up^ Focus Storia N°. 78 / 2013; pp. 36 -42.
Bibliography[edit]
·         Henry Lhote. L'expédition de Cornelius Balbus au Sahara, in Revue africaine, 1954.


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Prodigies Update I

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Prodigies Update I
Andre Willers
25 Sep 2014

Synopsis:
Prodigies , Primitives and Cancers are utilized to learn Acquired Savantism . From Idiot to Savant permanently .

Discussion :
1.See Appendix A below for the basics .

2.Acquired Savantism is usually as result of some brain injury .
See


etc .
 
3.This is simply the process analogous to aneuploid cancer (See “Cancer Cells” in Appendix A below) .
The damage removes certain protective inhibitory systems .
 
4.This can be mimicked by inducing local temporary effects like damage (eg transcranial stimulation) . This then led to Acquired Savant characteristics , but not Prodigy . Once the interference is removed , the Acquired Savant characteristics vanish .

 
5.Can Acquired Savant characteristics be learned by the “normal” brain ?
The answer is yes , because this is exactly why the system has evolved in the first place .

 
6.The mechanism is in the bio-hazard labs of the body (see Appendix A below)

7. Resources for learning Savantism .
Present resources are always fully used .
"work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion"
“expenditure rises to meet income”
Entropy .

How to acquire needed resources :
This is obtained by reorganizing previous processes into more efficient ones , freeing up resources (better than mimicking damage for a similar effect) .

Once this preliminary is done , then the Savant effect can be learned

8. See numerous posts on Optimization in http://andreswhy.blogspot.com




(a fun one!)
 

(how to learn to play like Pele)

(new unnatural base-pairs recently developed .It took them long enough .See http://www.scripps.edu/romesberg/Research/BaseDesign.html  )
 
Etc


9.How the Universe does it : Entropy sinks .
This can be a molecule (heat-shock proteins , for example .)


10.A Smart Pill is then theoretically possible .

 
Smartly now !

Andre
 
 

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Appendix A

Prodigies , Primitives and Cancers.
Andre Willers
9 May 2007

Synopsis :
Prodigies do things we can all do  (like calculations , languages , music ) with little seeming effort or tuition , but only much better , faster and at an earlier age .It is often confused with intelligence .

Discussion :

Sources :


“Primitives” (Appendix Alpha at end of article) or

 “Primitives_1” (Appendix Beta at end of article)http://andreswhy.blogspot.com/2007/03/metamaterials-in-hum.html,


General sources on prodigies and mind-body interactions .

Dedicated Brain Centers

Two dedicated hardwired neuron complexes are known from experimental evidence :
The language center (usually above the left ear ) and the counting complex . A music complex is very strongly suspected .

Various other emotional centers (amygdala) and memory centers are known . Many others are suspected . (Like eye-body co-ordination )

Please take note of the Neuronal Mirror argument .
These complexes above evolved from primal neuronal mirror set-ups .

A prodigy happens when a hardwired primitive neuronal complex replicates into the neuronal mirror arrangements . Because only non-simple encoding is used , this means a degradation of the functions usually done by these usurped mirror-neurons . This is at the cost of things like modeling other people (ie social skills) . Hence the prevalence of the lower end of the autistic spectrum in prodigies . ( Idiots savant )

As to be expected , there is a link between prodigies in arithmetic , language and music .

Prodigies (like William Hamilton of mathematics fame , or Zerah Colburn )were good at arithmetic and languages . The link between music and arithmetic is well known . Mozart’s linguistic skills are overshadowed by other events .

The problem is that well-known prodigies are the ones that were pushed by their parent(s) into notoriety . The smarter ones like Gauss , Macauly ,Young , etc learned to blend in .

Present day prodigies .
Where are they ?
Why , at the top end of most human endeavours . Top-class tennis players , golfers , chess-players , etc would qualify in earlier times as prodigies . Today they have to train hard 8 hours a day from early youth to be able to compete with the other prodigies . “Ordinary” people do not even get a look in .

Raw Talent .
A lightning calculator , if he survived the school system , might be lucky to get a job as a bookie’s runner or a croupier .

So you learned Greek , Latin , Finnish , Serbo-Croat and Basque at the age of five ? You have an interesting future as an interpreter at the UN .

You have a better chance in music . There are numerous schools for musical prodigies.

Fractal Identity Crises.
The hardwired primitive neuronal complex has an internal coding that is not simple .

It has to compensate for a temporal identity problem .

The complex assembles information very quickly ( some researchers say quantum effects are used , in which case it is instantaneous or from different time-sources ) .

Regardless , this information has to be presented to the rest of the brain in an usable fashion , with sequential markers .

For example , Mozart could comprehend an entire symphony in his overgrown musical complex . This had to be passed to the normal brain with sequential markers , so that he could scribble like mad from his simple memory to get a shadow of it in reproducible form .

Another example is a native speaker of a complicated language like Latin or Finnish . The complicated grammar arrives as an entirety , not worked out piecemeal .

This non-simple coding is very important , since it holds the key to identity markers , not only temporally but over other parameters as well .

As all my gentle readers will know , identity defineability is the key on how we know we are us , how the immune system recognizes our cells , how chromosome clusters are self-recognised , and all those other fractal identity crises .

This begs the question :
If we have identity resolution paradigms good enough to resolve an ID interface between a very fast (or multitemporal) complex , and the normal brain , why is it not used in the immune system ?

The answer is that it is used in this way , but sometimes the controls slip , or is programmed to slip .

The brain evolved from these systems , but we would expect some feedback .

Cancer Cells .
We refer to these bio-hazard labs as cancer cells . It is where evolution is put into fast-forward . ( See Scientific American of May 2007 p35 “ Chromosomal Chaos and Cancer”)

Have you ever wondered how complex organisms can even exist , when there are trillions of tons of bacteria , fungi , viruses ,etc  in the world . By sheer numbers and breeding rate , they must outperform any organism’s defence system .

The Trick :
Any centurion will tell you this trick : discipline .

Aneuploidy is the main mechanism . This is a fancy name for shuffling chromosomes (ie the tried and trusted sexual mixer .) Only this mechanism is on steroids .

An unknown molecule is encountered.
The body does not know how it will affect the organism .
There are two ways to test it :
  1. Live through it (potentially disasterous)
  2. Test it in a fast-forward evolutionary biolab .

The body induces aneuploid cancer in a test  cell .
This cell is nurtured by the body , deliberately bypassing all the evolutionary pressures of the environment or the immune system .
The test cell and its daughters have very rapid and semi-random chromosome shuffling . (This is also where all those null codons come into play.)
This cluster of cells forms a bio-hazard lab .

If they find a solution , it is communicated to the immune system and the lab is liquidated by apoptosis using the identity markers .

Can you see how this is more advantageous than living through it ?

If they do not , the cancer expands , resulting in the non-viability of the organism due to resource constraints .

But surely , an off-switch would have evolved ? If it could not find a solution to an unknown after n tries , it stops . Yes , but if the immune system had not recognised it the molecules will keep on arriving  , triggering new explorations .

To recognize an “END” codon to a particular try to resolve a “new” molecule previously tried would require a memory of this molecule . Yet this is exactly what the immune system does not have , since it passed this molecule on to the cancer test lab . There does not seem to be a memory of previous cancer-lab experiments (understandably , since the resource requirements would overwhelm any finite system with simple coding .)

Is there a general “END” codon ?
The answer must be yes , since it appears in more evolved brain mechanisms . See also the languages of bacteria . (There is an Ur language , and various dialects .)

The particular information is stored epigenetically . The presence of the problem molecules in the mother’s womb gets tagged with a methylization complex , marking it as solved . Each new generation must resolve it anew .

What a horrible trap . Old age must be programmed in , since only by setting the “END” codon in the mothers womb can rubbishy molecules be prevented from triggering cancers . Mothers get partially reset , which is why they live longer .

Well , it helps to know that there is a single switch  that will apoptise some cancer labs . It must be something simple , like the methylization of a geneplex that backpropagates .

Classical music:
Most people who listen to classical music live longer and look younger . This is because of the very recognizable “END” sequence to any symphony . The sequence entrains a neural process in the brain , which generates chemicals which signal  “END ALL” sequences to the internal cancer labs .

This is one of the much threatened feedback from more developed parts of the being .
The storm of feedback from the brain creates a non-linear feedback system , with all that it implies .

The Q Trick


For example , Turing ( from Godel’s work ) proved way back in the 1930’s that a linear logic(computing) process cannot know when to stop if it looks only at internal logic . This is exactly what we said above . However , by using quantum processes  , the system can know when to slam down an “END” .

This has to be communicated to the cell-complexes concerned . It is not sufficient to have a blanket “END” all the time , since the cancer-labs are vital to the health of the organism . Once a week seems sufficient , judging from the religious observances .

So what does this have to do with prodigies ?

Prodigies are the cancers of the body human .

They pretest which behaviours and talents will be acceptable .

Spiderman , Batman , Superman , etc
The same tired old lot :Hercules , Zeus , all the saints . I can’t remember all their names , or want to .

Bah . Do any of them even straddle the space-time crack ?
Ride t’em ,cowboy !

Andre

Prodigies II

Andre Willers
11 May 2007

Please reread “Prodigies,Primitives and Cancer” , “Primitives_0”, “Primitives_1”
and “The Origins of War and Peace “  in http://andreswhy.blogspot.com before continuing .

Synopsis:
Powerful analogies and tools are available to analyze human brains .

Discussion :
The discussion in “Prodigies” left us with a model of a brain-body with very fast processors embedded in a network of slow , low-bandwidth communications .

Sounds familiar?
We can form a very good and fruitful analogue here of a LAN or the Internet .

The Primitives (neural complexes like Counting ) are the Pentiums/Parallel chips/Quantum processors . The Neural and Hormonal system is the cabling .

Addressing :
This is vital . From an evolutionary viewpoint and in development order
  1. Dedicated lines . The brain is seen as like a telephone exchange .
  2. Domain addresses . Hormones are a good example . (As Nelson said to Emma Hamilton : “England expects every gland to do its duty .” )
  3. Brain waves . The above processes are asynchronous , but certain assemblies of information (like vision) are dependant on synchronization with previously carried-out processes . This co-ordination is analogeous to clock-speed processes . But beware , as the brain can carry on different processes at different frequencies . This is a method of reducing the redundancy overload in the information packages . Remember that the brain is not designed , but evolved for speed .
  4. Anticipation : eventually some parts of the brain learn to anticipate what other parts will do . This is analogeous to caching and forward-caching . Different sheafs of mirror-neurons have pre- prepared positions . (Cf Socratic internal dialogues) This enables the organism to react very rapidly .This is the origin of the phenomenon of fMRI detecting action decisions before the consciousness is aware of this decision (about 0.5 seconds) . Consciousness can be seen as a mirror-neuron network monitoring the other networks . The degree of feedback is not sufficient to change the decision from the top down (ie the decision is a simple vector summation of forces.) . But information constraints prevents this monitoring network from mirroring every datum . Thus excluding of some data is necessary . This is the definition of concentration .
Concentration : the feedback from the monitoring network(ie consciousness) channels resources into whatever is chosen to be important . Sadly , super-consciousness is not possible , since exclusion (concentration) is the fundamental basis of the system . (See below)
  1. Self-consciousness : eventually the system learns to do the same thing to the consciousness as in para 4 above . The system loops .
Self-consciousness is the termination of this process , since the concentration exclusion process means that only one self-consciousness at a time can exist . Being conscious of being conscious of being conscious etc will just loop you back to para 4 . Note that in Multiple Personalities Disorders there can be many consciousnesses , but they are constrained (ie are subsets) and there is only one in “control” .

Self-consciousness also inhibits optimum resource allocation : an effect well known to anybody on stage or athletes . Hence the unending yak of mystics about letting go of the self .

Yet self-consciousness can override the simple voting system of the conscious systems . This is the basis of human morality . You can always say no , and damn the consequences . Free will does exist .

The End Codon.
From previous arguments we already know that the standard ending of classical symphonies has an actual physiological effect . It tends to force an “All End” on the internal cancer labs in the body . The small ones (responsible for a lot of the ageing processes ) are affected in a major way .

A way to enhance this effect is to engage as many primitives as possible . Music , Mathematics , Language ,Visual , Dancing , etc .

Remember , the ending has to be entrained , but inherent (no fake crashes.) . (The mathematical talent is monitoring .)

I can recommend a sexy soprano singing the 1929 shareprice index  , while watching a screen with the graph and doing freeform dancing .

Not more than once a week .

An unlikely bestseller , but try it .


Is there any way out of this Superconsciousness impasse?
We have to go back to the primary nodes (also called primitives) . As noted , the coding for these cannot be simple . They are twisted , quantal and non-local .

Twisted : screw-shaped electromagnetc waves resonates at specific points on another helical molecule (like , surprise,surprise ,DNA) . Limited to lightspeed , but enormous bandwidth .

Quantal : very close molecules transfers information very rapidly via quantum tunneling .

Non-Local : the joker . Since the whole organism evolved out of a few molecules , and every new molecule incorporated had to be in close proximity of these , it is theoretically possible that they are all entangled . But , as Nelson said to Emma Hamilton , “Some are more entangled than others .”

Can you transcend this way ?
Of course .
But do you really want to?
Flip a mental coin , and when you can hear it ringing on the pavement , then decide .

Ho-Ho-Ho !
Homeopathy.
I can’t resist this .
The attentive reader will have noticed from the above that water can retain a memory and an influence in at least three different ways .
Yet they discard amniotic fluid .
Typically human .

They throw the water away and keep the baby .

Andre

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Prodigies III

Andre Willers
26 May 2007

See previous http://andreswhy.blogspot.com   “Prodigies” , “Dehydration” , Itarin2” , “The Religious Experience and Proximal rewards“etc .

Hierarchies and Fame .

Synopsis:
Hierarchies self-assemble out of scale-free networks .
Scale-free networks imply resource constraints , which imply a network-deconstructor (apoptosis) . This implies non-smooth switching between optimization sub-systems .

Discussion :
The discussion in previous “Prodigies” left us with a model of a brain-body with very fast processors embedded in a network of slow , low-bandwidth communications and mirror neuron layers .

The important point is that these elements are not connected in every possible way . Local elements have a large number of local  connections . Distant elements have a few , but they exist . This gives a Scale-Free network (cf Wikkipedia) .

The brain does not have the resources to maintain every possible linkage , so apoptosis removes linkages which are not used . This is a well-documented mechanism .

This means that the communication between Fast Processors , Mirror Layers , the Body , etc , is not unlimited . In other words , they develop degrees of autonomy , especially in the Mirror Layers with feedback mechanisms to give anticipation . (Ie local optimization sub-systems : mini-personalities ).

Mini-Personalities .
This gives rise competing ways of viewing “What must be done” .
This is equivalent to partial personalities .(Mini-personalities)
But survival of the whole organism requires a single response . Hence there are various mechanisms for resolving disputes between mini-personalities .

Regardless of the mechanism used , a certain mini-personality and it’s coterie of close support structures gets control . The Consciousness mirrors this after the fact .
Self-consciousness may be able to modify this .

Sleep and Apoptosis .
You can see the problem if a certain mini-personality is in control for too long . It is simply a connected cluster of mirror-neurons . The mirror-layers not being used for a certain time get marked and apoptised . This impoverishes the total personality .

Connections between mini-personalities get apoptised , leading to psychological problems (ref repression , amygdale programming , PTSD , etc)
Not to mention sleep-deprivation schizophrenia .

Sleep is the protocol for removing the mini-personality in charge .

Note that this is not only a function of complexity , but also of resources . This means that sleep will be necessary for even organisms with relatively few neurons .

Caution :
Drugs   are now available that seems to do away with sleep with few short term effects . The long term effects will get you , unless they can inhibit the apoptosis . Which will cause a new form of schizophrenia .


Continuity : (Putting a new mini-personality in charge)
So your consciousness and dependant self-consciousness vanishes when you go to sleep . The various (thousands , literally uncountable for quantally super-posed mini-personalities ) jockey for top-post .

We would expect a mechanism for continuity in  this succession struggle to have evolved , and so it has . The so-called God-center .
See  http://andreswhy.blogspot,comThe Religious Experience and Proximal rewards”

This is normally operative in the waking stage (ie when consciousness is self-assembling from the winner of the mini-personalities ) , but experimental evidence indicates that strong magnetic fields focussed on the relevant brain locus can force switches between mini-personalities even in an awake system . (It is the same mechanism)

Internal Fame .

At last ! Fame !

All the above arguments sound suspiciously like human politics . And with good reason .
The basic  model is of a brain-body with very fast processors embedded in a network of slow , low-bandwidth communications and mirror neuron layers is just as applicable to humans in a society . Allowances can be made for some cellular and quantal processes .

A powerful analog can be made for various processes:
Going to sleep : voting or removing the ruler from power .
Waking up : establishing a new ruler .
Note that these are two separate processes .

Internal Fame : being known often . This translates to intensity of traffic of signals between various mini-personalities . A simple repeat mechanism , which ties in with the basic neural mechanism of frequency-firing.

This differs from the societal analog in a very important way : Internal Fame can be under the complete control of the self-consciousness . Simply repeating certain thoughts and actions (like Mass in Roman Catholicism , or Muslim Prayer) biases the succession of mini-personalities .

But of course , by equal measure , we can create unbounded equivalents (all the time hoping that we know what we are doing) . The system will process it , regardless .

Dominant societies have evolved two mechanisms :
1.The mini-personalities are correlated with the individual’s value to society (ie a fractal system ) .
2. Resource allocation is done on this basis . This used to be no big problem if there is a big surplus , but human civilizations have evolved a nasty method of allocating negative surpluses . (Ie even if there is more than enough to go around , some groups still starve . )  Hence Communism , Marxism and all the -ism’s to come .

Negative surplus allocation is a pathology .
The analog in human space is sleeplessness . Not enough resources are allocated to mirror networks (ie humans) , so apoptosis happens . Artists , scientists , etc don’t happen .

Do not confuse this with simple allocation of not-enough existing positive resources (ie middle ages) .

Negative surplus allocation is a pathology that targets specific layers in communication networks . This drastically lowers the capability of the system to meet new shocks .

It always ends in tears . It used to end in total destruction of the system , but this has happened so often that ameliorating mechanisms have evolved (mainly organized religions). The equivalent of time-distant communication links .

The question is : why does this pathology recur ?
The sad truth is that it has to do with relative rates of change .
The new generation allocates resources in a different way . The older generation tries to keep it the old way . The relative distortion appears as too much resources to the old way , and too little to the new way . Ie a negative surplus allocation .

Some remedies:
For individuals :
Rapid mini-personality switches . Ie frequent sleeps .
Catnaps . Note that this has been the mechanism used by high-information throughput individuals like Napoleon , Stalin , Churchill , Hitler , business leaders ,etc .
They tailored their personality to the exigencies of the job .

For Societies :
More frequent elections for the top job . Once a year seems ok . This will force a decrease in election cost , as well as greater participation by the Civil Service .

Oops : the Romans tried this , and ended up with emperors . But the problem was the power change .

To switch the analogue back , individuals who are uncomfortable with their personal extinction and successor personalities , would not get much benefit from catnaps .
If you have problems with this , remember how it works : simply an increase in the frequency of nerve-pulses between mirror layers .

Imagine the different states of what you desire  as images in mirror layers . (Do not do small time differences.You need quantal changes , not small creeps . )
Regarding them forces an increased signal traffic between the layers . An Interrupt (like 1,2,3,…,10, 10.5 ) will then force a quietus .

See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com“Dehydration and Intelligence: Amygdala Interrupt .”

Andre
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Prodigies IV : Interrupts .
Andre Willers
30 May 2007

See previous http://andreswhy.blogspot.com   “Prodigies” , “Dehydration” , Itarin2” , “The Religious Experience and Proximal rewards“etc .

Discussion :
The discussion in previous “Prodigies” left us with a model of a brain-body with very fast processors embedded in a network of slow , low-bandwidth communications and mirror neuron layers .

Resultant mini-personalities compete for dominance . Dominance competes better .

The fast-processors evolved out of positive feedback mechanisms .

See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com“  Prodigies , Primitives and Cancers.”

Positive feedback mechanisms .
A simple Positive feedback mechanism (say A) increases without limit .  It can only be kept in check by another positive feedback system  (say B) . The various systems interact at various levels . The very nature of non-linear feedback systems means that certain nodes in the interaction between A and B are more important than others .

A node like this has a large amplification factor (it is essentially an amplifier in the collision of  A and B ) . With the large number  of factors , sooner or later a Fourier series with sharp boundaries happens . (Cf radar waveforms) . This forms a node with delineated characteristics . In other words , an Interrupt .

What does an Interrupt do ?

As it prevents runaway positive feedback systems , it makes all of what we describe as life possible .

Indeed , the Human species can be seen as a specific Interrupt in Gaia .

Speciation is a form of Interrupt formation . ( When Species A can only breed with species A , an interrupt is formed . )

Bacteria do not worry about speciation , and consider it déclassé .

Yet the Interrupts keep forming ( courtesy of Fourier) , leading to multicellular organisms and other monstrosities . A bacterium views the body like you view the Civil Service .

Interrupt Formation .
As can be seen from the above , all Interrupts are formed from dynamic systems  .
Either from inherited systems (genetics) , epigenetics or culture .
This also means that you can change it .

Let us give some examples :
  1. Amygdala Interrupt .
Count aloud or subliminally 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,  10.5
The sequence 1- 10  entrains the calculating nexus . The next term  10.5  forces the nexus to use more of the mirror-neurons to do inverse calculations . This causes an interrupt (a discontinuity )  . You can feel it . Just count .

Why can the counting mechanism have interrupts into the amygdala , which is the mechanism for assigning threat/promise to the organism ?

Because any threat assessment involves counting .
One wolf , two wolves , etc . One bad molecule , two etc .

At the start of the counting process a marker molecule (probably sulfur derived – see  sulfur hibernation) puts the amygdala into an inactive state . It cannot form an opinion until all the counting data is in .  It needs an End Codon . End Codons are perceived as the end of sequences . Start Codons likewise . At least three terms of sequences for each are needed .

There are two fundamentally different ways of counting .
1.      Sequential independent of the term before last (ie 1,2.3,4., etc)
2.      Sequential dependant on the last two terms (Fibonacci) (1,1,2,3,5,8,13 , etc)
3.      Counting in more than the sum of two terms can be written as a two term  Fibonacci series (ie a Fibonacci series is sufficient  . (Ref Arith I and Arith II))

This sequence incorporates both  .
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,  10.5, 20.5 , 31.0, 51.5 , 82.5
Sequence                                               Fibonacci

This forces your brain to do all sorts of fancy tricks .

Andre
Prodigies V : Speed and Paradoxes .
Andre Willers
31 May 2007

See previous http://andreswhy.blogspot.com   “Prodigies” I to IV , “Dehydration” , Itarin2” , “The Religious Experience and Proximal rewards“etc .

Discussion :
The discussion in previous “Prodigies” left us with a model of a brain-body with very fast processors embedded in a network of slow , low-bandwidth communications and mirror neuron layers .

Resultant mini-personalities compete for dominance . Dominance competes better .

The fast-processors evolved out of positive feedback mechanisms .

Interrupt mechanisms evolved to keep positive feedback mechanisms under control .

Speed .

“Ask anything of me except time”  Napoleon .

Why is speed so important ? The obvious answer is that it is important to physical survival .

Yet humans are faster than a striking mamba .
Thousands of humans routinely catch striking snakes by the neck for a few rupees . Scientific measurements of trained martial arts experts give their response times as between 3 to 5 as fast as snakes or crocodiles .

There is a perception that martial arts training only enables the human mind to tap into the reptilian brain reflexes .

But if the human (or weasel) responses are better by a significant margin , this argument does not hold . How can they be faster than the basal reptilian reflexes ?

Why has this speed evolved ?

Answer:
Fast processor-nodes send information via scale-free neural-networks to close mirror-networks , as well as to distant fast-processor complexes .

The speed of the transmission of signals in the scale-free network is much , much lower than transmission speeds inside the fast processors .

Thus , a  later processing result in a nearby mirror-network ( or inside the fast processor) can be sent via the long-neuron of the scale-free network and arrive at the target before the initial signal from the nearby-mirror network .

This appears as an inversion of cause-effect to the target .

This appears as a Paradox .
(The alert leader will notice the analogue with light-speed and non-locality)

There is a mechanism to resolve the paradox .
It surfaces as a sense of humour . But is very old and basic . All organisms with more than one neuron will have such a mechanism (ie a sense of humour) . (Given the complexity of neurons , even one might be sufficient.)

  1. Obviously the simplest way simply is that the latest signal is it . The time-marker must then correspond to 1/ (the alpha-wave frequency) ~ 0.1 to 0.05 of a second . The observed normal mammalian reaction . Yet faster reactions are observed.
  2. A faster way is phase differences between various brain waves .
  3. Another way of seeing it is that one entangled particle (or system of particles) is isolated by a glove of proteins and water , while the other is non-local . Something like the immune system . Note that a lot of quantum computation can take place inside such an enclosure .
            See http://andreswhy.blogspot.com“  Prodigies , Primitives and Cancers.”
It is amusing to note that a quantum life-form will see immune systems and the effects of nervous systems as the major life-forms on the planet . They will have to deduce the existence of the creature from second and third order effects .

In other words , life is essentially the immune system and paradox resolution in the brain-body .


The essential point is that assembling a meaningful output from many different inputs with different time-sources requires non-simple coding . 
This coding exists , but needs some work to understand or use .

Existing coding structures can be used .

Language .The language center assembles sentences faster than can be processed by the slower centers . Hence Puns or grammar .

Reading a book of puns should boost your immune system . Any humour as well . This is at basic quantum and physiological level , not just psychological .

If reading a book of grammar generates risibility , you are indeed an advanced lifeform .

Music : Ending Codons have been discussed .

Counting:
Most basic . The easiest .
Ho-ho-ho!
Mathematics cannot be described unless language is used !



Ho-ho-ho again !
The two most basic elements of any mathematical system is that
  1. Something is delineated (ie an entity apart from anything else)
  2. Repetition (ie some operator)

Yet even the definition of number (the set of all sets that is similar to the given set) requires a language , that is meta to the underlying concepts . This surfaces as quantum systems in the real world . The observer is part of the system , in other words.

Primitive counting has been discussed , even the iterative cascade . An iterative cascade must generate the concept of number , but the interface between the fast computation complex and the rest of the personality evolves .

If you can look at a graph of a Fourier series showing a square waveform , and feel a risibility impulse , then you are getting there .

In other words , why are not all our brains super?
Why do we have slower mirror-networks , and scale-free-neural  networks ?

Answer :
It will end that way . The teensy , weensy problem is any evolutionary system has to grow . Present human brains are on the cusp of expanding into totally fast-processors .
The greatest number of humans will exist just before the system enfolds into a few hyper-personalities .

Can this be done without hardware rewiring ?
Yes . There is a complex feedback system between simple and non-simple coding . Mirror neurons can be converted to fast processors (there is evolutionary predecessors) . Stem cells are available . Only the coding is needed .

Ho-ho-ho!
The End is Nigh!

Andre


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Appendix Alpha
Primitives _0


Dated 7/06/2006

Quantity has a quality of its own (Stalin)

Background:

An example illustrates  :
The visual system works well by having multiple small , very rapid recognition centers that recognise edges , corners , curves , etc . These are then assembled into further complex images further up the line to the brain .

A single neuron one or two layers away from this first primitive can handle surprisingly sophisticated pattern recognition ( eg bees trained to recognise human faces , only one neuron activating on fMRI scan on recognising a face)

The Advantages:
  1. Speed . This is all-important in a survival driven organism .
It is more important to have a 80% picture of the environment in half a second than a 98% picture in 2 seconds . By moving the eye , the recognition system is also tweaked . In other words , you get as good or even better picture of the environment by the assembly of rapid exposures at a lower definition at different viewpoints than a long exposure at a single viewpoint .

Note that the latest findings indicate that the only difference between animals and humans is the speed and capacity at which we perform tasks like planning , memory , tool usage , etc .

Also note that there is a fundamental correlation on neural-network level between speed and capacity . ( Hence the time-constraints in exams , IQ tests , sports ,ets)

  1. Reduction in complexity . You need fewer neurons to do the same task . Most of the number of input data are used in the first primitive layer , which is usually hardwired (ie retina) to be very fast . The subsequent neural-network layers need orders of magnitude fewer nodes . The assembly over time of different viewpoints in these primitive snapshots ( ie the differences) will pick up the elements missing in each snapshot due to poor resolution .

Since we know that the minimum necessary sufficient number of dimensions in an Euclidean space is three , we can say that any visual system would work which has three layers . The more data is processed in each succeeding layer , the better , as long as there is a time-difference between viewpoints .





The Disadvantage

Definition :
A system lacking a primitive needed to recognise a new factor in the environment might not pick it up . Most primitives are learned in very early childhood and fixated by paring of neural connections on a hardware level . Eg Chinese “r” and “l” problems .

In other words , it is difficult for an adult to learn new languages , accents or to correct faulty visual systems .

Examples of Human Primitives:

Existing primitives:
1.Visual ( Retina-brain)
1.1  Pattern recognition (lines , edges curves,etc)
1.2  Peripheral movement (snapshot differences )
1.3  Linear Trajectory (integration of eye and body movement in snapshot differences. Very high speed required . ) This is the ur time-binding primitive . How the past and the projected future connect .

This ability would normally evolve into intelligent planning capability if there is sufficient number of neurons . Birds were first , but are constrained by a terrible evolutionary trap : in a low density atmosphere like Earth , their maximum weight ,and hence cranial capacity , is limited . They have a ceiling . If they go flightless , without hands they will lose the trajectory primitive , since the ability to compute trajectories will have no survival value . They optimise (like smart crows ) , but generalization is constrained by cranial size .

Start Speculation
The KT impact would have made no difference in Terran civilization , except that the civilized species would have descended from tree-dwelling dinosaurs . (See argument about insolation fibrillations and Gaia driving intelligence development. ) . Alien intelligent avians would possible if the atmospheric density is high enough to support birds with big brains . An estimate would be 6 to 8 times Terran densities at the moment . A planet like Venus would always have a denser atmosphere ( no large moon) . If there is life in a solar system , it would be seeded on all the planets by meteor impacts . Hence we can speculate that intelligent life on Venus evolved first from an avian base . Since the insolation fibrillations would have hit Venus first (because of its thicker atmosphere) , intelligence would have evolved there first in the solar system . Estimated time about 600 – 1000 million years before present . So where are they now ?
They are either extinct (most likely) , or the planet-bound ones are on Saturn . The clouds of Saturn would be very attractive to an avian species .
End Speculation


Apes coming out of the trees already had hands that could throw projectiles and had to have the trajectory primitive .

Hence , the evolution of upright stance ( to keep the hands free for throwing stones ) and stone using ( leading to neolithic technology ) came first and then led to further time-binding developments like planning , language and intelligence .

Notice that any human society , present and historical , spent an inordinate percentage of resources on trajectory games ( basically ball games) . It is pure Darwinnian statistics : good ballplayers have better time-binding primitives and are better at estimating future effects .

A good ball-player is not more successful because he is a team-player . He is a better team-player because he binds time better  . Competition within co-operative boundaries .

Arrghh!

See Itarin for the nerd’s revenge .

2.Language : the primitives ( Broca’s area) are well established .
3.Fairness : Hardwired even into monkeys .
4.Math : count to 3 , rapidly and iteratively .
5.Threat avoidance : Hippocampus (Stress syndromes)
6.Balance (walking . ref vibrating soles.)
7.Creativity (not just LH/RH brain : it is a true primitive)
8.Music (inherent)
9.Risk/Reward : Profit . Making money (there has been heavy selection for this since the invention of agriculture ( ie surpluses)
10.Shapes (female hip , breast .Male buttocks , legs)
11. Pheromones
12. Immune system.
13. Religion

I’m sure there are more , but we know that these true primitives . Small , fast  , multiple (mostly hardwired) data-handling nodes feeding into more sophisticated feedback systems.

2. Primitives we would like to have .

A wish list.
Note that we might have the sensors for the desired characteristic , but not the primitive . The primitive would only evolve if there was an evolutionary pressure for it .

2.1  Spin
Computing the flight of a ball due to aerodynamic factors . Trainable (See Itarin)
2.2  Controlling the potentiating of hippocampus , immune system or any other primitive . A meta-primitive .
2.3  Recognising and controlling quantum events .
2.4  Recognising and controlling disequilibrium events
2.5  Recognise and predict chaotic attractors.
2.6  Sense and manipulate magnetic fields .
2.7  Sense and manipulate nuclear fields .
2.8  Sense and manipulate gravitational fields .

The general principle is that , if a primitive has not evolved , it can be created by using some existing structure and building on that .

Andre


Appendix Beta

Metamaterials in human beings.

Andre Willers
4 Mar 2007
See  http://andreswhy.blogspot.com    “Primitives_0”  ,  as well as “Itarin”

Background :

Metamaterials are groups of atoms or molecules that act like single atoms or molecules with properties which are novel . (Google , wikipedia , Scientific American , etc)

The best known are the microwave metamaterials which have a negative refractive index (the first ones theorized and constructed) .

This enables definition at a measure smaller than the wavelength of the infalling radiation . This was long considered theoretically impossible . Now they are demonstrating invisibility suits (at least at the microwave level ) , and other goodies based on this principle .

In other words , its hot and sexy !

But needless to say , mother Nature got there first .

The economy of fine definition at minimum cost is an extremely strong attractor to evolutionary systems .

All metamaterials are virtual by definition .
ie Ten atoms of carbon in a specific configuration act like one atom of imaginium .
The information being processed is real , the rest is virtual . Of course , if the imaginium’s components are real , then speeds are much higher , and quantum effects are possible .

But the essence is:
Ordered groups of information processors can give results literally impossible to their components . This is not theory , but hardware .

Visual systems are the easiest for us to understand .

The visual system forms layers of metamaterials . Even if the distance between retina cells are (say ) 10 000 angstroms , the metamaterial processing can make the definition  as if only (say) 10 angstroms separate the cells .

The same trick is used throughout the body .

Skin sensitivity is another example . The brain does not extrapolate . It uses an gestalt of nearby impressions to form a remarkably accurate virtual impression .

Acidity in the stomach , sugar levels , hormone levels , immune system etc . The body gets by with remarkably few sensors .

It has a price , though .

The price is training .

A virtual metamaterial (like the human visual system , immune system) can only be partially hardwired . There is not enough information capacity in the bio-system to handle all permutations . The efficiency of the metamaterial might be improved ( eg language centers , counting centers , mirror neurons , etc) .

Integration and generation of proximal reward systems remain a major problem .
see http://andreswhy.blogspot.com  “ The Religious Experience and Proximal rewards” .

Advantageous development of trained metamaterial centers might be incorporated into the DNA quicker than normal evolutionary pressures ( a form of epigenesis) , but I know of no such evidence . Culture will inhibit such developments . Except of course , for non-cultural or anti-cultural pressures .  The selection for mild Aspergers  indicate that there is a tendency for at least a bifurcate split in the species .

Training metamaterials:
The plasticity of the brain/body means that you can train groups of cells to act as metamaterial atoms/molecules , with properties that the individual elements do not have .

We have already seen that this is used extensively by the body .

Now , we must see how we can extend on it .

Itarin
Itarin is a visual trainer that creates metamaterial effects .
Itarin is an adequate neural network visual trainer , because it works better at older ages as it trains metamaterial “atoms” in the visual field by  the fluctuating balls . I originally put them in to draw attention to the flash of the character in their center , but their effect has been to create metamaterial neurons .

I was puzzled why Itarin worked better for me when training while wearing glasses . The answer , of course , is that the metamaterial effect overshadows the ordinary neural training effect .

Sports and Varsity .
Practise creates metamaterial effects by definition , whether the practise is real or virtual . A variant of Itarin will have you playing like a pro and praying like a Christian .

Health.
Most of the body’s sensory systems work via metamaterial effects . We have known intervention systems like Itarin . Training metamaterial effects for various body systems have ranged from too broad (Coue) to too narrow (begone , damned bug!)

Intelligence.
This capability is normally defined as the ability to “see” patterns (ie delineated differences , for which a fine definition is required) . Note that metamaterial effects gives the brain a finer definition with the same number of neurons .

While Itarin was not designed for this , it could be adapted . It should have some effect , in any case , due to the metamaterial effects in the cortical and immediate sub-cortical areas .

Unused capability.

Most humans have the conceit that they only us about 10 % of their brain capacity . Extra , unused capacity in the brain (which consumes about 25 % of the body’s energy) , simply did not happen . (Evolutionary reasons)

What did happen , if you understood the above argument , is that inefficient utilization of the brain’s resources ( even using hardwired metamaterial effects ) uses up nearly all of it’s capability .

It is like driving a Ferrari in first gear at full throttle . With a broken steering wheel .
Everything is going at full blast . There is nothing unused.

From an evolutionary viewpoint , it is easy to see why . Some few hardwired systems like elementary vision , speech , counting ,etc at a most elementary level evolve . (The primitive elements) . The rest is catch-as-catch can . Now and then , the cultural component evolves a more efficient utilization . This frees up some neurons for keeping up with the Jones’. And so it goes .

The glitterati wonders what Jones wore , the literati wonders what he said or wrote , and the priesthood wonders why they care .

The amusing thing is that while there is no unused capacity in the present westerner’s brain , a slight rearrangement of the organization of the brain brought about by  cultural elements can cascade into a significantly more efficient use of their neurons . It is like an oversaturated solution . It crystalises very , very quickly , releasing a lot of energy .

The cascade:
This is usually known as a religious experience . It has happened before in history .

When the system is overstretched (like now) , a sudden release of resources in the brain due to a more efficient utilization (ie metamaterial effects) does not release the stress . Instead , it goes “boing” into the neighbouring brain areas , stimulating similar similar eruptions throughout the system .

Cultural laser , anyone ?

It is a major source of disappointment to the Author that the last thousand years has led to a massive population increase without any change in hierarchical dispositions .
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Drowning in Gold

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Drowning in Gold


Andre Willers
26 Sep 2014

Synopsis:
The imbalance between Wealth and Money caused by a huge pulse of either wealth or money travels down the timeline in a self-propagating fashion . If it does not dampen out , catastrophe or unending misery ensues .
 
Discussion :
1.The easiest way to see it is to look at historical examples:
1.1Spanish Gold in the 16th century .
The pulse of money from the American gold and silver destroyed Spain’s industry , embroiled it in endless wars and caused major famines as peasants stopped farming .
The pulse of money destroyed wealth as everybody become too hoity-toity to work . This in turn stimulated money creation through war , looting ,theft , currency devaluation , debt . This ended badly in this case in the catastrophic Thirty Years war . The sack of Magdeburg was typical.
  

1.2 Industrial Revolution in England circa mid 19thcentury . A pulse of wealth creation by machine productivity outstripped gold-based currency . This caused deflation and a marked reduction in money , as risk-free returns could be made simply by hiding your cash and waiting while it appreciates due to deflation . Continual means were employed to simulate the appearance of currency .  Favourites still used are velocity of money and war . This ended catastrophically in WW I .


 
2.Then they discovered the joys of Keynes . Just print more money .

3. But this went too far and created a pulse of money with Quantitive Easing . This is the situation today . Everybody in developed countries is in a service industry , and real production outsourced. The “Gold” here was the wealth produced by computers .
The same as what happened to the Spanish . Drowned in gold .
And the equivalent of the Thirty Years war storming down on us , complete with religious intolerant cruelties and mercenary forces . Once the payment for “contractors” breaks down , a Magdeburg becomes inevitable .
Nearly the same territory too , note .
They will turn it into a wasteland of drones and smart bullets loitering , while calling it economic progress .

4.Is there an out ?
Yes .
A large portion of humans can become smarter .
This will result in either moderation or extinction .
 
Golden distinction cloaks extinction
 
Andre

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The Elite

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The Elite


Andre Willers
27 Sep 2014
Synopsis :
Who are the elite and what do they want ? They are the top 5% and they want it all .
 
Discussion :
1.Definition :
“In political and sociological theory, an elite is a small group of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth or political power. In general, elite means the more capable group of people. The selected part of a group that is superior to the rest in terms of ability or qualities.”
2.Historical Elites
This varied between 1% to 5% , with large uncertainties .
Eg French Revolution : Elite (Clergy + Aristocracy = 480 000 out of 27 million gives 1.7%)
Roman Empire : Roman citizens in the early Empire were about 2% of total population .
Communist Party varied 1%-3 %
Nazi party 3%-5%

3. Empirical study on 1779 US cases in 2014 with elite being top 10% economic .

Testing Theories of American Politics:
Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens
By
Martin Gilens ,Princeton University , mgilens@princeton.edu
Benjamin I. Page ,Northwestern University , b-page@northwestern.edu
April 2014
Findings :
“In the United States, our findings indicate, the majority does not rule -- at least not in the causal sense of actually
determining policy outcomes. When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and/or
with organized interests, they generally lose. “

“ our analyses suggest that majorities of the American public actually
have little influence over the policies our government adopts.”

See the document at

4.Theory
A NASA study
See the actual study at
and a simplified version at
They both see the present world economy as having an Elite of 3% for centuries , but which is now spinning out of control .

5.If billionaires did not exist , it would be necessary to invent them .
A form of capital concentration . An effect of Power Laws that operate in systems with complex feedback processes (like economics). There will always be someone who strikes lucky , then plays it smart and soon grabs all he can . See http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~jdf/papers/powerlaw3.pdf
These capital concentrations form a vital part in the long-term health of an economy . Basic, blue-sky research , for instance .

6.Billionaires are no threat .
They do not seem to represent a threat to a vigilant population . They are merely the top , visible part of the Elite , who can be a major threat .

Elites have historically been about 5% of population . In US in 2010 5% owned 72% . Seehttp://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World's_Billionaires : 1645 in 2014 
Elite 5% of 7 Bn = 350 million . in US , about 1.5 million with income over $232 000 pa .
No meaningful change is possible unless this class is suborned .
 
7.Do not watch the billionaires’ social calendar .
Watch the personal assistants of their executives. They go where the elites are .
 
Better than yours
Andre
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